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Lab Materials
Lab materials are critical components for research, development, and production of advanced technologies that require optimal properties, performance, and quality.
KinTek provides a broad range of high purity materials, comprising metals, metal oxides, and compounds. These materials, with a purity level of 99.99% or 5N (five nines), are suitable for various applications, such as the preparation of high-quality magnetic and semiconducting materials, phosphors, and thermoelectric materials.
In the field of high purity materials, purity levels are expressed as percentages, such as 2N for 99%, 2N5 for 99.5%, 3N for 99.9%, 3N5 for 99.95%, 4N for 99.99%, 4N5 for 99.995%, 6N for 99.9999%, 7N for 99.99999%. For example, 4N-6N implies a purity level ranging from 99.99% to 99.9999%.
About Sputtering
Sputtering is a physical phenomenon where energetic particles from a plasma or gas bombard a solid material's surface, causing microscopic particles to be ejected. This process occurs naturally in outer space and can lead to unwanted wear on precision components. However, it is also utilized in science and industry to perform precise etching, analytical techniques, and deposit thin film layers in the manufacture of optical coatings, semiconductor devices, and nanotechnology products.
Sputtering target application
Sputtering targets have a wide range of applications, including the creation of coatings for various products. For instance, tantalum sputtering targets are used in the production of essential components in modern-day electronics. These components include microchips, memory chips, print heads, and flat panel displays, among others.
Another significant application of sputtering targets is in the production of low-radiation coated glass, also known as Low-E glass. This type of glass is commonly used in building construction due to its energy-saving properties, ability to control light, and aesthetic appeal.
With the growing demand for renewable energy, sputter coating technology is also utilized in the preparation of third-generation thin-film solar cells. These solar cells are prepared using sputtering targets, making it an essential component in the production of solar panels.
FAQ
What are engineering ceramics?
Engineering ceramics are advanced ceramic materials designed for specific mechanical, thermal, electrical, and chemical properties. They are used in applications requiring high performance under extreme conditions.
What are the main types of battery materials?
The main types of battery materials include cylindrical battery steel cases, nickel-aluminum tabs for soft pack lithium batteries, aluminum-plastic flexible packaging films, lithium cobaltate materials, polyethylene separators, and conductive carbon cloths/papers/felts.
What is sputtering target?
A sputtering target is a material used in the process of sputter deposition, which involves breaking up the target material into tiny particles that form a spray and coat a substrate, such as a silicon wafer. Sputtering targets are typically metallic elements or alloys, although some ceramic targets are available. They come in a variety of sizes and shapes, with some manufacturers creating segmented targets for larger sputtering equipment. Sputtering targets have a wide range of applications in fields such as microelectronics, thin film solar cells, optoelectronics, and decorative coatings due to their ability to deposit thin films with high precision and uniformity.
What are high purity materials?
High purity materials refer to substances that are free from impurities and possess a high level of chemical homogeneity. These materials are essential in various industries, particularly in the field of advanced electronics, where impurities can significantly affect the performance of devices. High purity materials are obtained through various methods, including chemical purification, vapor-phase deposition, and zone refining. In the preparation of electronic grade single crystal diamond, for example, a high-purity raw material gas and an efficient vacuum system are necessary to achieve the desired level of purity and homogeneity.
What is RF PECVD?
RF PECVD stands for radio-frequency plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition, which is a technique used to prepare polycrystalline films on a substrate by using glow discharge plasma to influence the process while low pressure chemical vapor deposition is taking place. The RF PECVD method is well established for standard silicon-integrated-circuit technology, where typically flat wafers are used as the substrates. This method is advantageous due to the possibility of low-cost film fabrication and high efficiency of deposition. Materials can also be deposited as graded-refractive-index films or as a stack of nano-films each with different properties.
What are the main types of engineering ceramics?
The main types of engineering ceramics include alumina (Al₂O₃), zirconia (ZrO₂), silicon carbide (SiC), silicon nitride (Si₃N₄), and boron nitride (BN). Each type has unique properties tailored for different applications.
What are the applications of battery materials?
Battery materials are used in various types of batteries such as lithium-ion, nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride, and lead-acid batteries. They are essential for the structural integrity, electrical conductivity, and safety of the batteries.
What are the materials used in electrochemical cell?
The materials used in an electrochemical cell are the anode, cathode, and electrolyte. The anode is the negative electrode that releases electrons to the external circuit and oxidizes during the electrochemical reaction. The cathode is the positive electrode that acquires electrons from the external circuit and is reduced during the electrochemical reaction. The electrolyte is the medium that provides the ion transport mechanism between the cathode and anode of a cell. The desirable properties for anode, cathode, and electrolyte materials include high efficiency, stability, good conductivity, ease of fabrication, and low cost.
What are high purity metals?
High purity metals are single element materials with minimal impurities, making them ideal for use in research, development, and production of advanced technologies. These metals are used in the creation of advanced ceramics, electronic sensors, high-precision lenses and optics, LEDs, lasers, thermal barrier coatings, plasma screens, and more. KINTEK offers a diverse range of high-purity metals and binary and ternary metal compounds in various forms, compositions, dispersions, particle sizes, and weights for research and commercial applications. Strategic special metals are used in high-tech applications and can be expensive due to their elaborate processing.
How are sputtering targets made?
Sputtering targets are made using a variety of manufacturing processes depending on the properties of the target material and its application. These include vacuum melting and rolling, hot-pressed, special press-sintered process, vacuum hot-pressed, and forged methods. Most sputtering target materials can be fabricated into a wide range of shapes and sizes, with circular or rectangular shapes being the most common. Targets are usually made from metallic elements or alloys, but ceramic targets can also be used. Compound sputtering targets are also available, made from a variety of compounds including oxides, nitrides, borides, sulphides, selenides, tellurides, carbides, crystalline, and composite mixtures.
How does RF PECVD work?
RF PECVD works by creating a plasma in a vacuum chamber. The precursor gas is introduced into the chamber, and radio frequency power is applied to create an electric field. This electric field results in the ionization of the precursor gas, forming a plasma. The plasma contains reactive species that can chemically react with the substrate surface, leading to the deposition of a thin film. The RF power also helps to control the energy of the plasma, allowing for better control over film properties such as composition, uniformity, and adhesion. The process parameters, such as gas flow rates, pressure, and RF power, can be adjusted to optimize the film deposition process.
What are the applications of engineering ceramics?
Engineering ceramics are used in various industries such as aerospace, automotive, electronics, and metallurgy. Applications include wear-resistant parts, high-temperature components, electrical insulators, and heat sinks.
How do battery materials enhance battery performance?
Battery materials enhance performance by improving rate capability, reducing thermal effects, ensuring safe electrolyte properties, and facilitating the passage of lithium ions. For example, cylindrical battery steel cases suppress battery polarization, and polyethylene separators allow the passage of lithium ions while inhibiting electron transport.
What are the examples of electrochemical material?
Examples of electrochemical materials include anode materials for the oxidation of acetic acid, cathode materials for the reduction of acrylonitrile, and electrode materials for the cathodic hydrodimerization of formaldehyde to ethylene glycol. Selectivity for synthetic electrochemical reactions can be determined by the materials used, with electrode materials imparting control and variation of outcomes. The choice of electrode material can also switch reactivity on or off, such as with the cathodic hydrodimerization of formaldehyde only occurring with mercury or carbon cathodes. Understanding the influence of electrode materials can facilitate improved rationalization of differences in achieved yields or selectivity.
What are high purity metals used for?
High purity metals are used in various advanced technologies that require specific properties, performance and quality. They are used to create fluorescent lighting, plasma screens, LEDs, high-precision lenses and optics, electronic sensors, advanced ceramics, thermal barrier coatings, lasers, and more. These metals are also used in the production of high-quality magnetic, thermoelectric, phosphor and semiconducting materials. KINTEK offers a diverse portfolio of high-purity metals, binary and ternary metal compounds, magnetic alloys, metal oxides, nanomaterials, and organometallic precursors in various forms, compositions, dispersions, particle sizes and weights for all research and commercial applications.
What is sputtering target used for?
Sputtering targets are used in a process called sputtering to deposit thin films of a material onto a substrate using ions to bombard the target. These targets have a wide range of applications in various fields, including microelectronics, thin film solar cells, optoelectronics, and decorative coatings. They allow for the deposition of thin films of materials onto a variety of substrates with high precision and uniformity, making them an ideal tool for producing precision products. Sputtering targets come in various shapes and sizes and can be specialized to meet the specific requirements of the application.
What are the advantages of RF PECVD?
RF PECVD offers several advantages for thin film deposition. Firstly, it allows for the deposition of high-quality films with excellent control over film properties such as thickness, composition, and uniformity. The use of a plasma enhances the reactivity of the process, enabling the deposition of films at lower temperatures compared to traditional thermal CVD methods. RF PECVD also offers better step coverage, allowing for the deposition of films in high aspect ratio structures. Another advantage is the ability to deposit a wide range of materials, including silicon nitride, silicon dioxide, amorphous silicon, and various other thin film materials. The process is highly scalable and can be easily integrated into existing manufacturing processes. Additionally, RF PECVD is a relatively cost-effective method compared to other thin film deposition techniques.
How do engineering ceramics differ from traditional ceramics?
Engineering ceramics are designed for specific high-performance applications, offering superior mechanical strength, thermal resistance, and chemical stability. Traditional ceramics are more commonly used for decorative and household purposes.
What is the role of polyethylene separators in lithium-ion batteries?
Polyethylene separators are crucial components in lithium-ion batteries, positioned between the positive and negative electrodes. They allow the passage of lithium ions while preventing electron transport, which affects the battery's capacity, cycle life, and safety.
What are the benefits of using high-purity metals?
Using high-purity metals offers several benefits. First, they provide consistent and reliable performance due to the absence of impurities that can cause variations in material properties. Second, high-purity metals enable the production of high-quality and high-performance products, ensuring better functionality and durability. Third, their low impurity levels reduce the risk of contamination in sensitive applications. High-purity metals also exhibit improved electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and corrosion resistance. Additionally, they are often preferred for their enhanced adhesion properties, making them suitable for various coating and thin film deposition processes.
What are sputtering targets for electronics?
Sputtering targets for electronics are thin discs or sheets of materials such as aluminum, copper, and titanium that are used to deposit thin films onto silicon wafers to create electronic devices like transistors, diodes, and integrated circuits. These targets are used in a process called sputtering, in which atoms of the target material are physically ejected from the surface and deposited onto a substrate by bombarding the target with ions. Sputtering targets for electronics are essential in the production of microelectronics and typically require high precision and uniformity to ensure quality devices.
What are the advantages of using alumina ceramics?
Alumina ceramics are known for their high hardness, wear resistance, and excellent electrical insulation. They also have good thermal conductivity and chemical stability, making them suitable for high-temperature applications.
Why are conductive carbon cloths/papers/felts important in battery applications?
Conductive carbon cloths/papers/felts are important in battery applications for their high conductivity and reliability in electrochemical experiments. They ensure accurate results and can be customized to fit specific needs.
Which industries commonly use high-purity metals?
High-purity metals find application in a wide range of industries. The semiconductor and electronics industries extensively use high-purity metals for integrated circuits, microprocessors, and other electronic components. The aerospace industry relies on high-purity metals for their lightweight and high-strength properties. Optics and photovoltaic industries utilize high-purity metals for precision optics and solar cells. High-purity metals also play a significant role in medical devices, automotive components, research laboratories, and advanced manufacturing processes.
What is the lifetime of a sputtering target?
The lifetime of a sputtering target depends on factors such as the material composition, purity, and the specific application it is being used for. Generally, targets can last for several hundred to a few thousand hours of sputtering, but this can vary widely depending on the specific conditions of each run. Proper handling and maintenance can also extend the lifetime of a target. In addition, the use of rotary sputtering targets can increase runtimes and reduce the occurrence of defects, making them a more cost-effective option for high volume processes.
Why are zirconia ceramics preferred in certain applications?
Zirconia ceramics are preferred for their high strength, toughness, and thermal shock resistance. They are often used in applications requiring durability and reliability under high stress and temperature conditions.
What are the advantages of using aluminum-plastic flexible packaging films for lithium batteries?
Aluminum-plastic flexible packaging films offer excellent electrolyte properties and enhance the safety of soft-pack lithium batteries. Unlike metal case batteries, pouch batteries wrapped in this film are safer and more resistant to leaks.
What makes silicon carbide ceramics suitable for high-temperature applications?
Silicon carbide ceramics have excellent thermal conductivity and high-temperature stability, making them ideal for applications in furnaces, heat exchangers, and other high-temperature environments.
How does the lithium cobaltate material contribute to battery performance?
Lithium cobaltate (LiCoO2) is a key material in battery manufacturing, used in various forms such as sputtering targets, powders, and wires. It contributes to the battery's performance by providing a stable and efficient source of lithium ions, which are essential for the battery's operation.
How are boron nitride ceramics used in electronics?
Boron nitride ceramics are used in electronics for their excellent electrical insulation and thermal conductivity. They help in dissipating heat from electronic components, preventing overheating and improving performance.
What is the function of battery internal resistance testers?
Battery internal resistance testers are used to assess various aspects of battery performance, including charging and discharging functions, internal resistance, voltage, protection features, capacity, overcurrent, and short circuit protection time.
What is the manufacturing process of engineering ceramics?
Engineering ceramics are typically manufactured through processes like sintering, hot pressing, or chemical vapor deposition. These processes ensure the formation of dense, strong, and durable ceramic materials.
Why are nickel-aluminum tabs important in battery manufacturing?
Nickel-aluminum tabs are crucial in battery manufacturing for their role in connecting the positive and negative electrodes. They are used in both cylindrical and pouch batteries, ensuring efficient electrical conductivity and structural integrity.
Can engineering ceramics be customized for specific applications?
Yes, engineering ceramics can be customized to meet specific application requirements. This includes tailoring their shape, size, and material composition to achieve desired mechanical, thermal, or electrical properties.
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