The three main substances used for biomass fuel are bio-oil, char, and pyrolytic gas. These are products of biomass pyrolysis, a thermochemical process where biomass is heated in the absence of oxygen to decompose into these valuable components.
Bio-oil is a dark brown organic liquid primarily composed of oxygenated compounds. It is produced through the fast pyrolysis of biomass, where cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin undergo simultaneous fragmentation and depolymerization. The rapid heating of biomass and quick quenching of the resulting vapors lead to the formation of bio-oil. On a dry biomass basis, the yield of bio-oil from fast pyrolysis ranges from 50 wt% to 70 wt%. Bio-oil contains a high amount of water and various organic components such as acids, alcohols, ketones, furans, phenols, ethers, esters, sugars, aldehydes, alkenes, nitrogen, and oxygen compounds. Due to its high content of reactive molecules and oligomeric species, bio-oil is unstable and requires upgrading before it can be used as engine fuel.
Char is a solid residue left after the pyrolysis process, typically used as a fuel source due to its high carbon content and calorific value. Char can be further processed into activated carbon, which is used in various applications including water purification and gas adsorption.
Pyrolytic gas is a gaseous product of biomass pyrolysis, consisting mainly of methane, carbon monoxide, and hydrogen. This gas can be used directly as a fuel or further processed to produce syngas, which is a precursor for various chemical syntheses and can also be used as a fuel.
These three substances—bio-oil, char, and pyrolytic gas—are crucial in the conversion of biomass into energy and other valuable products, highlighting the importance of biomass as a renewable resource for sustainable energy production.
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