The autoclaving process involves using high-temperature steam under pressure to sterilize equipment and materials.
This process effectively kills microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores.
The process typically includes three main phases:
1. Air Removal
The initial step involves boiling water to generate steam, which enters the chamber.
As the steam comes in, air is removed from the chamber.
This can be done using a vacuum pump or system in larger autoclaves, or by displacement in smaller models.
The removal of air is crucial as it ensures that the steam can reach all parts of the load, facilitating effective sterilization.
2. Sterilization
Once all the air is removed, the exhaust valve is closed to increase pressure and temperature within the chamber.
The steam continues to be added, and the temperature is typically maintained between 121°C (250°F) to 135°C (273°F).
The sterilization process, also known as the holding time, can last from three to 20 minutes, depending on the contents and size of the load.
This high-temperature, high-pressure environment is lethal to microorganisms, causing coagulation of their proteins and irreversible loss of their activity.
3. Cooling and Pressure Release
After the sterilization period, the exhaust valve is opened to release the steam and reduce the pressure.
This step helps in cooling the load, making it safe and manageable for handling.
The principle of autoclave operation is based on moist heat sterilization.
The high pressure inside the chamber not only increases the boiling point of water but also ensures rapid penetration of heat into the deeper parts of the equipment being sterilized.
This method is widely used in healthcare, laboratory, food, and pharmaceutical industries due to its effectiveness and reliability in achieving sterility.
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