The three stages of autoclave sterilization are:
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Purge (or Pre-Vacuum) Phase: During this initial phase, steam is introduced into the autoclave chamber to displace the air. This is crucial because air is a poor conductor of heat compared to steam. The displacement of air ensures that the subsequent sterilization phase is effective. The temperature and pressure in the chamber gradually increase as steam fills the space.
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Exposure (Sterilization) Phase: Once the air is effectively purged, the exhaust valve is closed. This action traps the steam inside the chamber, causing the temperature and pressure to rise to the preset levels, typically around 121°C and 15-20 pounds per square inch (psi). The chamber maintains these conditions for a specific duration, usually 15-20 minutes, depending on the load and type of material being sterilized. This period is critical for ensuring that all microorganisms are killed, as the high temperature and pressure of the steam penetrate the materials and denature the proteins of the microbes.
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Exhaust (Cooling) Phase: After the sterilization period is complete, the exhaust valve is opened to release the pressure and steam from the chamber. This phase is important to safely return the chamber to ambient conditions and prevent damage to the sterilized items. The gradual release of pressure also allows for a controlled cooling process, which is essential for the integrity of heat-sensitive materials.
Each phase is meticulously controlled to ensure the effectiveness of the sterilization process. The purge phase ensures that only steam, a superior medium for heat transfer, is present during the sterilization phase. The exposure phase provides the necessary conditions for killing microorganisms, and the exhaust phase safely concludes the cycle, preparing the sterilized items for use or storage.
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