The four parameters of the autoclave process are steam, pressure, temperature, and time.
1. Steam: Autoclaves use high-pressure steam to kill microorganisms. The steam is generated by boiling water and enters the chamber. It displaces the air in the chamber, ensuring that all surfaces are in direct contact with steam.
2. Pressure: Pressure is used to obtain the high temperatures necessary for sterilization. The pressure in the autoclave chamber increases as steam is added and the air is removed. Higher pressure levels are required to perform sterilization effectively.
3. Temperature: Specific temperatures must be reached and maintained to ensure the microbicidal activity. The two common steam-sterilizing temperatures are 121°C (250°F) and 132°C (270°F). These temperatures (and other high temperatures) must be maintained for a minimal time to kill microorganisms.
4. Time: The sterilization time, also known as the holding time, is the duration during which materials are exposed to the sterilizing conditions. The length of the sterilization cycle varies depending on the contents and size of the load. Materials may be in this cycle anywhere from three to 20 minutes.
Overall, the autoclave process involves generating steam, removing air from the chamber, increasing pressure and temperature, holding the sterilization conditions for the required time, releasing pressure, and finally cooling down the load before opening the autoclave. The sterilization cycle length varies depending on the materials being autoclaved and the size of the load.
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