The five steps of distillation are as follows:
1. Evaporation: In this step, the crude oil or liquid mixture is heated until it reaches its boiling point and begins to evaporate. The vapors rise upwards and enter a fractionating column.
2. Condensation: The temperature inside the fractionating column is highest at the bottom and gradually decreases towards the top. As the vapors rise, they come into contact with cooler surfaces and start to condense back into liquid form. The condensed liquid is collected as fractions.
3. Collection: The fractions, which are the different components of the original mixture, are collected as they condense at different points in the fractionating column. Each fraction has different boiling points and chemical properties.
4. Simple Distillation: Simple distillation is a method used when the liquids in the mixture have significantly different boiling points. It involves heating the mixture to its boiling point and immediately condensing the resulting vapors. This method is effective for separating liquids with a minimum difference of 25 degrees Celsius in their boiling points.
5. Fractional Distillation: Fractional distillation is used when the liquids in the mixture have similar boiling points. It involves multiple vaporization-condensation steps that take place in a fractionating column. This process is also known as rectification and is used to separate liquids with a minimum difference of 70 degrees Celsius in their boiling points.
Overall, distillation is a process of separating substances with different boiling points. It involves evaporating the substance with the lowest boiling point, condensing it at another point, and then increasing the temperature to evaporate and condense the next substance in the mixture. Distillation is commonly used in various industries, laboratories, and chemical factories for substance separation or purification.
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