Molecular distillation is a specialized type of vacuum distillation known as short path vacuum distillation.
This process operates at extremely low pressures, typically below 0.01 torr (1.3 Pa).
At these pressures, the mean free path of molecules is comparable to the size of the equipment.
This allows for the separation and purification of thermally sensitive compounds without significant intermolecular collisions.
4 Key Points to Understand Molecular Distillation
1. Operating Pressure and Conditions
Molecular distillation operates at pressures below 0.01 torr, which is in the realm of high vacuum.
At these pressures, the mean free path of molecules is large relative to the dimensions of the equipment.
This condition is known as the free molecular flow regime.
In this regime, the traditional fluid dynamics assumptions no longer apply.
Mass transport is governed by molecular dynamics rather than fluid dynamics.
This means that the rate of evaporation is no longer dependent on the pressure, as there is minimal interaction between molecules.
2. Equipment and Setup
The setup typically involves a short path between a hot plate (where the feed is placed) and a cold plate.
The feed is evaporated under vacuum conditions, and the vapors travel a short distance to the condenser.
This short path minimizes the time and distance the molecules are exposed to high temperatures.
This is critical for thermally sensitive compounds.
3. Applications
Molecular distillation is primarily used in industrial settings for the purification of oils and the concentration of natural products.
It is also utilized for the separation of complex and thermally sensitive compounds like vitamins and polyunsaturated fatty acids.
The process allows for the handling of materials that would otherwise degrade under normal distillation conditions due to their low boiling points or high sensitivity to heat.
4. Advantages
The main advantage of molecular distillation is its ability to handle thermally sensitive materials.
The short path and low pressure reduce thermal degradation, ensuring that the final product retains its integrity and purity.
It also allows for the separation of compounds with very close boiling points, which is challenging in conventional distillation processes.
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