Short path distillation is a technique used for liquid-liquid separation and the removal of solvents from mixtures through evaporation. It is a thermal separation technology that operates at low pressures, typically in the range of 1 to 0.001 mbar. The principle behind short path distillation is based on the pressure difference between the boiling film and the condensing surface, which acts as the driving force for the steam flow.
The short path distillation process requires the shortest possible distance between the boiling surface and the condensing surface. The evaporator used in this technique is equipped with an inside condenser that is opposite to the heating surface. This configuration allows for the operation pressure to be reduced to under 0.001 mbar. The low boiling temperature achieved in short path distillation is particularly suitable for materials that are heat-sensitive and have a high boiling point.
In short path vacuum distillation, the vapour stream is immediately condensed, preventing the formation of vapour pressure. This enables the attainment of ultimate pressures as low as 0.001 mbar. The immediate condensation of the vapour stream allows for the purification of heat-sensitive materials at lower temperatures, preventing degradation. It also allows for very high equivalent temperatures to be achieved at ambient pressure.
The basic operating principle of short path distillation involves a cylindrical body with a heating jacket, a rotor, and an internal condenser. The rotor creates a mechanically agitated, thin product film on the heating surface inside the body. The product flows down in a spiral path under the influence of gravity, and the volatile portion of the product evaporates. The vapour then passes through the internal condenser with practically no pressure drop. The non-volatile portion of the product is discharged through the bottom outlet of the evaporator. The residual vapours and inert gases flow through the vacuum nozzle to the vacuum system.
Short path distillation is often used for compounds that are unstable at high temperatures or to purify small amounts of compounds. The advantage of this technique is that it allows for lower heating temperatures at reduced pressure compared to the boiling point of the liquid at standard pressure. Additionally, the short path ensures that little compound is lost on the sides of the apparatus.
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