Molecular distillation is a unique process that relies on the difference in the average free range of molecular motion of different substances.
It is achieved under high vacuum conditions.
Unlike conventional distillation, which uses boiling point differences, molecular distillation operates below the boiling point of substances.
This makes it a non-equilibrium process.
The separation is done by setting a condensation surface at a distance where light component molecules condense, while heavier molecules return to the original liquid surface.
5 Key Points Explained
1. High Vacuum Conditions
Molecular distillation requires a high vacuum environment, typically with pressures less than 5 Pa.
This high vacuum is essential because it reduces atmospheric pressure, allowing molecules to escape from the liquid surface more easily.
They can travel longer distances without collisions.
2. Difference in Molecular Mean Free Path
The mean free path is the average distance a molecule travels between collisions.
It varies for different substances based on their molecular size and the pressure.
In molecular distillation, lighter molecules have a larger mean free path compared to heavier molecules.
This difference is used to separate components.
3. Setting a Condensation Surface
A key aspect of molecular distillation is the strategic placement of a condensation surface.
This surface is positioned at a distance from the liquid surface where it is closer than the mean free path of light molecules but not reachable by heavier molecules.
When light molecules strike this surface, they condense, while heavier molecules, not reaching the surface, return to the liquid.
4. Non-Equilibrium Process
Unlike traditional distillation, molecular distillation does not rely on reaching equilibrium between the liquid and vapor phases.
Instead, it continuously distills components based on their molecular properties.
This ensures that the process is dynamic and efficient, especially for heat-sensitive materials.
5. Applications and Advantages
Molecular distillation is particularly useful for separating high boiling point, heat-sensitive, and easily oxidized materials.
It operates at lower temperatures and pressures, reducing the risk of degradation and improving the quality of the final product.
This method is extensively used in the purification of natural products, pharmaceuticals, and functional oils.
It maintains their natural properties without the need for harsh chemical treatments.
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