The temperature that must be reached in an autoclave for effective sterilization typically ranges from 121°C to 135°C. This range is achieved through the use of pressurized steam, which allows the temperature to exceed the normal boiling point of water (100°C).
Explanation:
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Temperature Settings: The commonly recommended temperatures for steam sterilization in an autoclave are 121°C, 132°C, or 135°C. These temperatures are chosen to ensure the destruction of a wide range of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and spores.
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Pressure and Temperature Relationship: The efficiency of an autoclave is enhanced by the use of pressurized steam. At 108 kilopascals (kPa), the temperature of the steam is 121°C, and sterilization typically requires 20 minutes. However, at a higher pressure of 206 kPa, the steam temperature can reach 134°C, reducing the sterilization time to 10 minutes. This inverse relationship between pressure and time highlights the importance of temperature in the sterilization process.
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Medical and Laboratory Use: In medical and laboratory settings, autoclaves are crucial for sterilizing equipment and materials. The standard temperature of 121°C for 15-20 minutes is commonly used for general sterilization. However, for more resistant pathogens like prions, more stringent conditions are required, such as using sodium hydroxide (1N NaOH) and heating at 121°C for 30 minutes, followed by routine sterilization.
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Variability in Sterilization Times: The time required for sterilization in an autoclave can vary depending on the contents of the load, the set temperature, and the desired Sterility Assurance Level. Generally, higher temperatures result in faster sterilization times.
In summary, the temperature in an autoclave must reach at least 121°C to achieve effective sterilization, with higher temperatures (up to 135°C) used for more rapid or thorough sterilization processes. The use of pressurized steam ensures that these temperatures can be maintained for the necessary duration to kill all microorganisms.
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