What Materials Are Used For The Body Of A Super-Sealed Electrolytic Cell And What Are Their Properties? Select The Right Material For Your Experiment
Compare high borosilicate glass, quartz, and PTFE for electrolytic cell bodies. Learn their chemical resistance, temperature tolerance, and optical transparency.
What Are The Key Material Properties And Structural Features Of An All-Ptfe Electrolytic Cell? Achieve Unmatched Purity In Harsh Electrochemical Environments
Explore the extreme chemical inertness, electrical insulation, and thermal stability of all-PTFE electrolytic cells for demanding lab applications.
How Should An All-Ptfe Electrolytic Cell Be Handled To Prevent Mechanical Damage? Protect Your Investment And Data Integrity
Learn essential handling practices for all-PTFE electrolytic cells to prevent scratches, warping, and thread damage, ensuring reliable seals and long-term performance.
What Precautions Should Be Taken During The Storage Of An All-Ptfe Electrolytic Cell? Prevent Permanent Deformation And Seal Failure
Learn how to properly store your all-PTFE electrolytic cell to prevent physical damage from creep, deformation, and surface scratches that compromise seals.
What Is The Proper Cleaning Method For An All-Ptfe Electrolytic Cell? Essential Tips For Surface Integrity
Learn how to clean PTFE electrolytic cells safely using deionized water, acid soaks, and ultrasonic methods while avoiding surface damage.
What Is The Precaution Regarding Temperature When Using An All-Ptfe Electrolytic Cell? Essential Thermal Safety Tips
Learn the critical temperature limits for all-PTFE electrolytic cells to prevent material degradation and ensure experimental precision.
What Inspection Steps Should Be Performed On An All-Ptfe Electrolytic Cell Before Use? Ensure Reliable Results
Learn the essential pre-use inspection steps for PTFE electrolytic cells, covering structural integrity, surface quality, and leak prevention.
What Are The Typical Volumes For An All-Ptfe Electrolytic Cell? Choose The Right Size For Your Experiment
Learn the standard volumes (10-500 ml) for all-PTFE electrolytic cells and how to select the right size for your electrochemical application and budget.
What Are The Standard Opening Specifications For All-Ptfe Electrolytic Cells? A Guide To Sealed Vs. Non-Sealed Ports
Learn the standard port sizes (Φ6.2mm & Φ3.2mm) for PTFE electrolytic cells, including configurations for sealed and non-sealed experiments.
What Is The Proper Method For Cleaning The Surface Of An All-Ptfe Electrolytic Cell? Ensure Accurate Results With A Pristine Surface
Learn the correct multi-step protocol for cleaning PTFE electrolytic cells to prevent contamination and maintain surface integrity for reliable experiments.
How Should An All-Ptfe Electrolytic Cell Be Cleaned Before Use? Expert Protocol For Pure Electrochemical Results
Learn the professional cleaning protocol for PTFE electrolytic cells, including acid soaking, ultrasonic cleaning, and drying techniques.
What Are The Standard Opening Configurations For Non-Sealed And Sealed All-Ptfe Electrolytic Cells?
Learn the standard port sizes for all-PTFE electrolytic cells, including 6.2mm electrode ports and 3.2mm gas purge ports for sealed configurations.
Are There Any Chemical Substances That Should Be Avoided With An All-Ptfe Electrolytic Cell? Know The Critical Limits For Your Lab
Learn which aggressive substances like molten alkali metals and fluorinating agents can damage PTFE cells. Ensure your electrochemical experiments are safe and accurate.
What Maintenance Is Required For The Electrodes Used With An All-Ptfe Electrolytic Cell? Expert Care Guide
Learn the essential maintenance protocols for all-PTFE electrolytic cell electrodes, including cleaning, inspection, and replacement strategies.
What Materials Are Used For The Body And Lid Of The Multifunctional Electrolytic Cell? High Borosilicate Glass & Ptfe Explained
Learn why multifunctional electrolytic cells use high borosilicate glass bodies and PTFE lids for superior chemical resistance and reliable electrochemical analysis.
What Materials Are The Coating Evaluation Electrolytic Cell And Its Lid Made Of? Ensuring Accurate Electrochemical Testing
Learn why high borosilicate glass, PTFE, and POM are chosen for electrolytic cells to ensure chemical inertness, thermal stability, and data accuracy.
How Do Specialized Electrolytic Cells Facilitate Electrochemical Testing? Enhance Stainless Steel Corrosion Analysis
Learn how specialized electrolytic cells standardize testing environments to accurately measure pitting potential and passivation in organic acids.
How Should An All-Ptfe Electrolytic Cell Be Stored After Use? Expert Maintenance Tips For Long-Lasting Performance
Learn the essential storage protocols for PTFE electrolytic cells, including nitrogen drying and contamination prevention for precise results.
How Is A High-Precision Electrolytic Cell Used To Evaluate Metal Corrosion Resistance? Validate Dct Results Accurately
Learn how high-precision electrolytic cells simulate extreme environments to test the corrosion resistance of DCT-treated metal materials.
What Is The Correct Procedure For Disconnecting An All-Ptfe Electrolytic Cell? Essential Safety Steps For Lab Experts
Learn the safe sequence for disconnecting all-PTFE electrolytic cells to prevent electrical arcing, protect terminals, and ensure lab safety.
What Are The Advantages Of Using A Three-Electrode Electrolytic Cell System? Precise Corrosion Inhibitor Evaluation
Unlock high-fidelity data with three-electrode systems. Isolate potential from current flow for accurate corrosion density and EIS measurements.
What Are The Advantages Of A Ptfe-Covered Glass Electrolytic Cell? Ensure Precision In Co2-Saturated Testing
Discover how PTFE-covered single-chamber glass electrolytic cells provide chemical inertness, stable gas saturation, and reduced crevice corrosion.
What Is The Standard Reaction Area Of The Multifunctional Electrolytic Cell And How Is It Sealed? Ensure Accurate & Repeatable Electrochemical Results
Learn about the standard 1 cm² reaction area sealed by an O-ring in electrolytic cells, and how customization options can optimize your specific lab experiments.
What Are The Typical Volumes And Customization Options For An All-Ptfe Electrolytic Cell? Tailor Your Lab Research
Learn about the 10ml to 500ml standard volumes for all-PTFE electrolytic cells and explore customization for aggressive chemical environments.
What Operational Considerations Should Be Taken During An Experiment Using An All-Ptfe Electrolytic Cell? Ensure Precision And Safety
Learn key steps for operating all-PTFE electrolytic cells, including preparation, parameter control, and safety protocols to achieve reliable results.
What Are The Advantages Of Using A Three-Electrode System In An Electrolytic Cell? Ensure Precision Corrosion Testing.
Discover why the three-electrode system is essential for Zn-Ni alloy testing by eliminating ohmic drop and polarization interference for accuracy.
What Is The Volume Range Of The Coating Evaluation Electrolytic Cell? A Guide To Choosing The Right Size
Explore the 8ml to 100ml volume range for coating evaluation electrolytic cells, including standard, super-sealed, and quartz types for accurate testing.
What Are The Sterilization And Heating Precautions For A Double-Layer Water-Bath Electrolytic Cell? Ensure Safe Operation And Accurate Results
Learn critical precautions for sterilizing and heating a double-layer electrolytic cell. Avoid damaging PTFE components and ensure experimental integrity.
What Are The Structural Characteristics And Advantages Of The All-Ptfe Electrolytic Cell? Ultimate Chemical Inertness
Discover why all-PTFE electrolytic cells are the superior choice for harsh electrochemical environments, offering unmatched chemical stability.
What Experimental Conditions Does A Three-Electrode Electrolytic Cell Provide? Optimize Precise Corrosion Analysis
Discover how three-electrode electrolytic cells provide noise-free, stable environments for long-term corrosion testing of nanoparticle coatings.
How Should Electrodes Be Handled After An Experiment With An All-Ptfe Electrolytic Cell? Post-Lab Care Guide
Learn the essential protocol for cleaning, drying, and storing electrodes after using a PTFE electrolytic cell to ensure data accuracy and longevity.
What Is The Correct Installation Procedure For An All-Ptfe Electrolytic Cell? Ensure Clean, Stable, And Accurate Data
Learn the step-by-step setup for PTFE electrolytic cells, from mechanical stability and electrode spacing to leak prevention and safety protocols.
What Are The Primary Functions Of A Three-Electrode Electrolytic Cell? Precise Corrosion Testing For 20Cr-25Ni-Nb Steel
Learn how three-electrode systems isolate potential and eliminate resistance errors for accurate 20Cr-25Ni-Nb steel electrochemical testing.
How Does A Three-Electrode Electrolytic Cell Function? Precision Testing For 8620 Steel In Corrosive Environments
Learn how three-electrode systems isolate current and voltage for accurate 8620 steel electrochemical testing in simulated oil and gas environments.
What General Precaution Should Be Taken When Handling The Electrolytic Cell? Ensure Safe And Accurate Lab Results
Learn essential safety precautions for handling electrolytic cells, including material care, PPE use, and operational best practices for lab safety.
What Are The Proper Storage Procedures For The Multifunctional Electrolytic Cell? Protect Your Investment And Ensure Data Accuracy
Learn the essential steps for cleaning, drying, and storing your electrolytic cell to prevent corrosion, contamination, and ensure reliable results.
What Is The Difference Between Electrolytic Corrosion Cell And Electrochemical Corrosion Cell? Understand The Driving Force Behind Corrosion
Learn the key differences between spontaneous electrochemical corrosion cells and externally-powered electrolytic corrosion cells, including their driving forces and real-world examples.
How Should The Body Of An Electrolytic Cell Be Maintained For Longevity? Extend Your Equipment's Lifespan
Learn the 4 key maintenance pillars for electrolytic cell longevity: immediate cleaning, routine inspection, careful handling, and proper storage.
What Is The Typical Experimental Setup For A Super-Sealed Electrolytic Cell? Achieve Superior Control In Electrochemical Analysis
Learn about the three-electrode setup, flange-sealed design, and operating principle of super-sealed electrolytic cells for contamination-free experiments.
What Is The Structure Of A Super-Sealed Electrolytic Cell? A Guide To Its Leak-Proof Design
Learn about the structure of a super-sealed electrolytic cell, including its flange-type glass body and PTFE cover for contamination-free experiments.
What Are The General Maintenance And Care Procedures For A Super-Sealed Electrolytic Cell? Ensure Reliable Electrochemical Data
Learn the essential maintenance steps for super-sealed electrolytic cells to prevent contamination, ensure component longevity, and achieve reproducible results.
What Materials Are Used For The Caps Of The Sealed And Non-Sealed Electrolysis Cells? Ptfe Vs. Pom Explained
Learn why sealed electrolysis cells use PTFE/POM composite caps for airtight seals, while non-sealed cells use all-PTFE caps for chemical resistance and ease of use.
What Is The Primary Function Of An Electrolytic Cell In The Pre-Plating Stage Of Multicomponent Nickel-Based Boriding?
Learn how electrolytic cells enable nickel pre-plating to suppress brittleness and enhance coating thickness in multicomponent boriding processes.
What Is The Purpose Of The Double-Layer Design In The Electrolytic Cell? Achieve Precise Temperature Control For Your Reactions
Discover how a double-layer electrolytic cell provides stable temperature control, prevents side reactions, and ensures uniform product quality for reliable results.
What Is An Electrolysis Cell? A Guide To Driving Chemical Reactions With Electricity
Learn how an electrolysis cell works, its key components (anode, cathode, electrolyte), and its major applications in industry and clean energy.
What Is The Importance Of Ensuring Good Sealing In An Electrolytic Cell? Essential For Accuracy And Safety
Learn why a proper seal is critical for electrolytic cell integrity, ensuring accurate data, operator safety, and preventing environmental contamination.
What Precautions Should Be Taken Regarding Temperature Control For The Electrolytic Cell? Ensure Safe & Accurate Electrolysis
Learn key precautions for electrolytic cell temperature control to prevent thermal shock, ensure data accuracy, and maintain operator safety.
What Role Does A Water-Jacketed Electrolytic Cell Play In Variable-Temperature Electrochemical Corrosion Measurements?
Learn how water-jacketed electrolytic cells enable precise thermal regulation for accurate corrosion activation energy calculations and kinetics.
How Is A Three-Electrode Electrochemical Electrolytic Cell Utilized To Evaluate Zr-Nb Alloy Corrosion Resistance?
Learn how three-electrode cells quantify Zr-Nb alloy corrosion resistance through polarization curves and passive film stability analysis.
What Role Does A Three-Electrode Electrolytic Cell System Play In Testing Perovskite Oxides? Maximize Catalytic Data.
Learn how three-electrode systems isolate perovskite oxide kinetics, eliminate polarization errors, and measure OER efficiency with precision.
How Does The Design Of An Electrolytic Cell Influence Evaluation Of Electrochemical Catalytic Performance? Key Factors
Learn how electrolytic cell design, specifically H-type cells and material choice, ensures data integrity for open-framework thin film catalysts.
What Is The Functional Design Of A Laboratory Three-Electrode Electrolytic Cell? Precision For Titanium Alloys
Learn how the three-electrode design eliminates measurement errors in titanium alloy electrochemical systems through dual-loop architecture.
What Are The Advantages Of Using A Ptfe Electrochemical Cell In Actinide Research? Ensure Precise Corrosion Data
Discover why PTFE electrochemical cells are essential for actinide research, offering unmatched chemical resistance and electrical insulation.
What Role Does Polytetrafluoroethylene (Ptfe) Play In Mec Electrodes? Optimize Your Catalyst Coating For Performance
Learn how PTFE acts as a critical binder in MEC electrodes, balancing mechanical stability, chemical resistance, and electrochemical activity.
What Are The Opening Configurations For The Non-Sealed And Sealed Versions Of The Electrolysis Cell? Optimize Your Electrochemical Setup
Learn the key differences between non-sealed and sealed electrolysis cell ports for precise atmospheric control in your experiments.
What Are The Specifications Of The Openings On The Electrolytic Cell? A Guide To Port Sizes And Configurations
Learn about standard electrolytic cell port sizes (6.2mm & 3.2mm) and configurations for sealed, H-type, and custom cells to match your experiment.
What Are The Key Features Of An All-Ptfe Electrolytic Cell? Essential Benefits For Corrosive Electrochemistry
Explore the top features of all-PTFE electrolytic cells, including unmatched chemical resistance, electrical insulation, and thermal stability.
Why Is A 3-Electrode Electrolytic Cell Necessary For 316Ln Scc Testing? Ensure Precision In Electrochemical Analysis
Learn how the three-electrode system eliminates polarization errors to provide accurate, research-grade SCC data for 316LN stainless steel.
Why Use A Three-Electrode Cell For Ionic Liquid Corrosion Testing? Ensure Peak Accuracy In Acidic Media
Learn why the three-electrode system is essential for evaluating corrosion inhibition, offering circuit isolation and high-sensitivity data.
What Is The Technical Necessity Of Wrapping Ceramic Crevice Formers With Ptfe Tape? Enhance Your Corrosion Test Accuracy
Learn why PTFE tape is critical for ceramic crevice formers to eliminate surface voids and ensure repeatable electrochemical corrosion data.
How Should The Glass Components Of The Electrolytic Cell Be Handled? A Guide To Preventing Breakage And Ensuring Safety
Learn the essential techniques for handling fragile glass electrolytic cells to prevent breakage, ensure experimental accuracy, and maintain lab safety.
What Materials Are Used To Construct The All-Quartz Electrolytic Cell? A Guide To Purity And Performance
Learn about the high-purity quartz body and PTFE lid of an all-quartz electrolytic cell, essential for UV transparency and chemical inertness.
What Are The Pre-Use Procedures For A Five-Port Water Bath Electrolytic Cell? A 4-Step Guide For Reliable Results
Learn the 4 critical pre-use stages for a five-port electrolytic cell: inspection, cleaning, assembly, and electrolyte prep to ensure experiment accuracy.
What Are The Temperature And Sterilization Limitations For The Five-Port Water Bath Electrolytic Cell? A Guide To Material Constraints
Learn the critical temperature and sterilization limits for 5-port electrolytic cells, focusing on glass body and PTFE lid constraints to prevent damage.
What Are The Materials Used For The Body And Lid Of A Thin-Layer Spectroelectrochemical Cell? Unlocking Precision With Quartz & Ptfe
Learn why a quartz body and PTFE lid are essential for thin-layer spectroelectrochemical cells, enabling precise optical and electrochemical analysis.
What Is The Operating Principle Of A Flat Plate Corrosion Electrolytic Cell? A Guide To Controlled Materials Testing
Learn how a three-electrode electrolytic cell uses a potentiostat to precisely induce and measure corrosion, accelerating materials degradation studies.
Why Is A Polytetrafluoroethylene (Ptfe) Test Cell Necessary For Corrosion Testing In Simulated Body Fluids?
Learn why PTFE cells are essential for medical corrosion testing, offering chemical inertness and insulation to ensure accurate experimental data.
What Are The Industrial And Commercial Applications Of Electrolytic Cells? Powering Metallurgy And Chemical Synthesis
Explore the vital roles of electrolytic cells in metal refining, electroplating, and chemical production for high-purity industrial results.
What Is The Recommended Cleaning Routine For Maintaining The Electrolytic Cell? Ensure Accurate And Repeatable Results
Learn the step-by-step cleaning routine for electrolytic cells, from immediate rinsing to chemical cleaning, to prevent contamination and ensure experiment accuracy.
What Are The Key Precautions For Cleaning The Electrolytic Cell? Avoid Damage And Ensure Safety
Learn the essential safety rules and step-by-step protocol for cleaning electrolytic cells to prevent damage, ensure accuracy, and protect operators.
What Is The Role Of A Standard Three-Electrode Electrochemical Reactor? Evaluate Corrosion Resistance With Precision
Discover how three-electrode reactors use EIS and Rp values to non-destructively quantify nickel coating performance on magnesium alloys.
How Should The Electrolytic Cell Be Cleaned After Use? A Step-By-Step Guide To Prevent Contamination
Learn the correct protocol for cleaning electrolytic cells, including electrode care and solvent use, to ensure accurate and reproducible experimental results.
What Is The Cleaning Procedure For The Electrolytic Cell Before Use? Ensure Accurate, Reproducible Results
Learn the essential steps for cleaning electrolytic cells, from water rinsing to acid soaks, to prevent contamination and ensure experimental accuracy.
What Steps Should Be Taken To Clean The Electrolytic Cell After A Typical Experiment Using An Aqueous Solution? Ensure Data Accuracy & Equipment Longevity
Learn the essential steps to clean an electrolytic cell after an aqueous solution experiment. Prevent contamination, ensure data accuracy, and prolong equipment life.
What Are The Components And Their Respective Functions In A Flat Plate Corrosion Electrolytic Cell System? A Guide To Precise Corrosion Measurement
Learn the roles of the working, counter, and reference electrodes, plus the cell body and electrolyte, in a flat plate corrosion electrolytic cell system.
What Are The Complete Post-Experiment Procedures For A Flat Plate Corrosion Electrolytic Cell? A Step-By-Step Guide To Reliable Results
Learn the systematic shutdown protocol for corrosion electrolytic cells to preserve samples, ensure equipment longevity, and maintain data integrity for your research.
What Are The Primary Features Of A Flat Plate Corrosion Electrolytic Cell? Achieve Precise, Repeatable Corrosion Data
Discover the key features of flat plate electrolytic cells: controllable temperature, versatile sample compatibility, and ease of operation for reliable corrosion testing.
What Is An Electrolysis Cell Also Known As? Understanding Electrolytic Vs. Galvanic Cells
Discover the key differences between electrolytic and galvanic cells, their functions, and applications in energy conversion and material production.
What Is The Role Of A Glass Electrolytic Cell With A Heater And Thermostat In Plutonium Nitrate Corrosion Research?
Discover how glass electrolytic cells with precise thermal control simulate extreme environments for plutonium nitrate corrosion and safety testing.
What Role Does A Three-Electrode System Electrolytic Cell Play In Simulated Corrosion Environment Testing?
Learn how three-electrode systems ensure high-precision corrosion data by decoupling voltage measurement from current flow for accurate analysis.
What Materials Are Used For An Optical Electrolytic Cell Body? Choose The Right Material For Your Experiment
Compare high borosilicate glass, quartz, and PTFE for optical electrolytic cells. Learn their chemical resistance, thermal stability, and optical properties.
How Can One Avoid Overloading The Electrolytic Cell And What Are The Risks? Prevent Catastrophic Failure
Learn to prevent electrolytic cell overload by respecting electrical limits. Avoid equipment damage, electric shock, chemical burns, fire, and explosion risks.
What Is The Electrolytic Cell? A Guide To Forcing Chemical Reactions With Electricity
Learn how an electrolytic cell uses external power for non-spontaneous reactions like electroplating, metal extraction, and battery charging.
What Is The Primary Function And Mechanism Of An Electrolytic Cell? Drive Non-Spontaneous Reactions With Precision
Learn how electrolytic cells use external energy to drive chemical reactions, including key mechanisms of ion migration and electrode polarity.
How Does A Three-Electrode Electrochemical Cell Ensure Scientific Accuracy? Achieve Precise Corrosion Analysis
Learn how the three-electrode system eliminates polarization errors and isolates signals for accurate corrosion testing of materials.
What Is The Core Function Of An Electrolytic Cell In Tritium Determination? Enhancing Detection Via Sample Enrichment
Learn how Electrolytic Cells use isotope separation to concentrate tritium, lowering detection limits for precise environmental water analysis.
What Are The Common Applications Of A Super-Sealed Electrolytic Cell? Ensure Purity For Sensitive Electrochemical Research
Explore the key uses of super-sealed electrolytic cells in battery testing, corrosion research, synthesis, and environmental monitoring for contamination-free results.
How Is The Three-Electrode Cell Configured For Ni-Cr-Co-Ti-V Alloy Corrosion Testing? Optimize Your Research Setup
Learn how to configure a three-electrode cell using SCE and Platinum electrodes to test corrosion resistance in high-entropy alloys.
What Are The Advantages Of A Three-Electrode Flat Electrolytic Cell? Precise Corrosion Analysis For 1020C Steel
Unlock accurate corrosion testing with three-electrode flat cells: learn how they eliminate resistance and fix surface area for precise EIS data.
What Is The Function Of A Dual-Electrode Electrolytic Cell In Epd? Enhance Ceramic Coating Precision
Learn how dual-electrode electrolytic cells drive uniform ceramic deposition on complex substrates using controlled electric fields and voltage.
What Cleaning Procedure Is Required For The Ptfe Electrode Stand Before An Experiment? Ensure Accurate Electrochemical Results
Learn the essential protocol for cleaning a PTFE electrode stand to prevent contamination and ensure reliable, reproducible electrochemical measurements.
Why Are High-Precision Electrolytic Cells Necessary For Studying Corrosion Inhibitors? Achieve Precise Film Analysis
Discover why high-precision electrolytic cells and EIS are vital for the quantitative assessment of corrosion inhibitor efficiency and film density.
What Is The Function Of A Transparent Acrylic Electrolytic Cell? Optimize Variable-Gap Electrolysis Research
Learn how transparent acrylic electrolytic cells enable visual monitoring and precise electrode gap adjustment for energy optimization.
What Is The Role Of Ptfe Products In Carbon Paste Electrodes (Cpe)? Enhance Precision In Electrochemical Sensing
Discover how PTFE tubing acts as the essential insulating and protective housing in Carbon Paste Electrodes to ensure data integrity and accuracy.
What Are The Advantages Of Using Ptfe Molds For Epoxy Resin Flame Retardant Samples? Ensure High-Purity Material Testing
Discover why PTFE molds are essential for flame retardant testing, offering non-stick properties and chemical purity for epoxy resin composites.
How Should The Electrolyte Be Prepared And Added To The Cell Before An Experiment? Ensure Reliable Electrochemical Results
Learn the critical steps for preparing high-purity electrolyte and correctly assembling your electrochemical cell to ensure accurate, repeatable data.
What Are The Proper Post-Use Procedures For A Super-Sealed Electrolytic Cell? A Guide To Safety And Longevity
Learn the essential shutdown, cleaning, and storage steps for super-sealed electrolytic cells to ensure operator safety, experimental accuracy, and equipment longevity.
What Checks Should Be Performed On The H-Type Electrolytic Cell Before Use? Ensure Accurate Electrochemical Data
Learn the essential pre-use checks for H-type electrolytic cells, from membrane integrity to electrode cleanliness, for reliable results.
What Is The Function Of A P-Soec In Alkyl Dehydrogenation? Unlock High-Purity Hydrogen And Polymer Precursor Production
Learn how Proton-Conducting Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells (P-SOEC) convert alkanes to olefins and hydrogen with high efficiency at 500°C-600°C.
Why Are Electrolytic Cells Essential In Titanium Production? Powering Circular Efficiency And Cost Savings
Learn how electrolytic cells enable closed-loop titanium production by recycling reducing agents and chlorine gas to lower costs and waste.