When tungsten is heated, it exhibits several key behaviors and transformations. Tungsten has a very high melting point, which allows it to retain its strength at elevated temperatures and makes it suitable for use in high-temperature applications such as heating elements in furnaces. However, tungsten is susceptible to embrittlement and mechanical and thermal shock, especially when exposed to air at high temperatures. It oxidizes in air starting around 500°C (932°F) and this oxidation occurs rapidly above about 1200°C (2192°F). Therefore, tungsten heating elements must be protected from air exposure when heated.
In vacuum conditions, tungsten can be used at extremely high temperatures, up to 2000°C (3632°F) at a pressure of less than 10-2 torr, and is resistant to evaporation up to roughly 2400°C (4,352°F) at less than 10-4 torr. This makes tungsten ideal for use in vacuum furnaces and other high-temperature, non-oxidizing environments.
Tungsten powder is processed by pressing it into shapes and then sintering at high temperatures (between 2000 – 2500ºC or 3630 – 4530ºF) in hydrogen furnaces, which increases its density and strength. This process is crucial for preparing tungsten for various industrial applications.
Tungsten's unique properties also make it valuable in other industries such as lighting (incandescent light bulbs), electrical (electrical contacts), medical (X-ray radiation shielding), and construction (boring bars). Its mechanical properties, such as strength and ductility, can be enhanced through metalworking, alloying, and the addition of elements like cerium or lanthanum.
In summary, when heated, tungsten maintains its strength and shape at very high temperatures, making it ideal for high-temperature applications. However, it must be protected from air exposure to prevent oxidation and embrittlement. Its processing and use in various industries highlight its versatility and importance in modern technology.
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