Pyrolysis oil is a product of rapidly heating biomass in a low oxygen atmosphere and then quickly cooling it. This process results in several byproducts.
4 Key Byproducts of Pyrolysis Oil Explained
1. Solid Char
Solid char includes all solid products from the pyrolysis process. It consists of organic matter with a high carbon content and ash. Char is a significant byproduct and can be used directly in various applications, such as fuel or as a component in construction materials.
2. Liquids
The liquid byproducts are primarily water and bio-oil. Water is produced both directly from the pyrolysis process and indirectly during the initial drying stage of the biomass. Bio-oil is a key liquid byproduct. It is a brown, polar liquid composed of a mixture of oxygenated compounds. Bio-oil contains up to 40% oxygen by weight, making it distinct from petroleum oils. It is not miscible with petroleum oils, contains water (often 20-30%), has a lower heating value than petroleum oil, is acidic, unstable when heated, and has a higher density than water. It often also contains solid inorganics and additional carbon char.
3. Gases
The gas products from pyrolysis include carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), hydrogen (H2), and other hydrocarbons (CXHY). These gases are produced at different temperatures and can be used as fuel or for other industrial processes.
4. Additional Byproducts from Specific Materials
In addition to these primary byproducts, the pyrolysis of specific materials like waste tires, waste plastics, and oil sludge can yield additional byproducts tailored to the input material. For example, pyrolysis of waste tires produces pyrolysis oil, carbon black, and steel wire; waste plastics yield pyrolysis oil and carbon black; and oil sludge results in pyrolysis oil, water, and sand.
These byproducts have various uses, from direct sale to applications in numerous industries, highlighting the versatility and potential of pyrolysis as a method for converting biomass and waste materials into valuable products.
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