Bio-oil is a dark brown liquid produced from biomass through a process called pyrolysis, which involves heating the biomass in the absence of oxygen. This process results in the formation of bio-oil, char, and pyrolytic gas. Bio-oil is primarily composed of oxygenated compounds, which contribute to its high water content (14–33 wt%) and lower heating value (15–22 MJ/kg) compared to conventional fuel oil. Its complex composition includes various organic components such as acids, alcohols, ketones, furans, phenols, ethers, esters, sugars, aldehydes, alkenes, nitrogen, and oxygen compounds. Due to its high reactivity and the presence of oligomeric species, bio-oil is thermally unstable and prone to aging, which involves the formation of more water, increased viscosity, and phase separation. This instability necessitates upgrading before use as engine fuel. Despite these challenges, bio-oil's higher density compared to biomass feedstocks makes it more cost-effective to transport, potentially enabling a distributed processing model where biomass is converted to bio-oil at small-scale facilities for centralized refining. Additionally, the byproduct bio-char can be used as a soil amendment, enhancing soil quality and aiding in carbon sequestration.
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