The product of plasma pyrolysis, a specific type of pyrolysis, includes solid char, liquids (water and bio-oil), and gases (CO, CO2, CH4, H2, and light hydrocarbons). The composition and proportions of these products can vary depending on the pyrolysis method (fast, slow, or ultra-fast), temperature, heating rate, and the type of feedstock used.
Solid Char: This includes all solid products from the pyrolysis process, primarily consisting of organic matter with high carbon content and ash. The formation of char is more prominent in slow pyrolysis, where the process is optimized to modify the solid material and minimize the oil produced.
Liquids: The liquid products from pyrolysis include water and bio-oil. Water is produced both as a byproduct of the pyrolysis reaction and during the initial drying stage via evaporation. Bio-oil is a brown, polar liquid composed of a mix of oxygenated compounds. Its composition varies depending on the feedstock and reaction conditions. Fast and ultra-fast pyrolysis methods maximize the production of bio-oil.
Gases: The gas products primarily include carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), hydrogen (H2), and light hydrocarbons. The production of these gases is influenced by the temperature and heating rate during pyrolysis. Higher temperatures and rapid heating rates tend to increase the yield of gaseous products.
The yields from fast pyrolysis typically include 30-60% liquid condensates (bio-oil), 15-35% gases, and 10-15% char. These products can be utilized for various applications such as fuel, chemical production, activated carbon, and electrical power generation. The suitability of pyrolysis for processing materials like agricultural waste, forestry by-products, and mixed plastics has led to its increased application in energy production, agriculture, and chemical industries.
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