The yield of pyrolysis gas can vary significantly depending on the pyrolysis temperature and process conditions. At low temperatures (up to about 650°C), the yield of condensable vapors is maximized, resulting in about 70% of the biomass weight being obtained as a liquid. However, at high temperatures (above 700°C), the gas yields are maximized, with about 80% of the biomass being converted to a combustible gas. In slow pyrolysis processes, around 10-35% of biogas is produced, which is similar to char. Syngas yield is highly influenced by the pyrolysis temperature, and it is possible to achieve a higher yield in flash pyrolysis with high temperatures.
The reactor temperature plays a crucial role in the product distribution during pyrolysis. As the temperature increases, the inner moisture of the biomass evaporates first, followed by thermal degradation and devolatilisation of the dried particle portion. This process leads to the production of tar and volatile species, which then undergo secondary reactions such as decarboxylation, dehydrogenation, deoxygenation, and cracking to form components of syngas. Higher temperatures favor tar decomposition and the thermal cracking of tar, which increases the proportion of syngas and reduces oil and char yields.
Syngas mainly consists of hydrogen (H2) and carbon monoxide (CO), and may also contain a small volume of nitrogen (N2), water, carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrocarbons such as C2H4, CH4, C2H6, ash, tar, and so on, depending on biomass feedstock and pyrolysis conditions. These components are obtained during several endothermic reactions at high pyrolysis temperatures.
In summary, the yield of pyrolysis gas can range from 10-35% in slow pyrolysis processes to about 80% in fast pyrolysis processes with high temperatures. The gas yield is highly influenced by the pyrolysis temperature, with higher temperatures favoring the production of syngas and reducing oil and char yields.
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