The method used to determine the size of a particle depends on the substance and the expected particle sizes. Common methods include sieve analysis, direct image analysis (static or dynamic), static light scattering (laser diffraction), and dynamic light scattering. Sieve analysis is a traditional method that can measure solid particles ranging from 125 mm down to 20 μm by dry or wet sieving using standard test sieves. This method is specified in various national and international standards and is widely used in industries such as pharmaceuticals, chemicals, construction, agriculture, food, and minerals.
Sieve Analysis: Sieve analysis involves passing a sample of particles through a series of sieves with progressively smaller openings. The sieves are stacked with the largest sieve on top and the smallest at the bottom. As the sample is shaken or vibrated, particles of different sizes are retained on the sieves, allowing for the determination of the particle size distribution. This method is particularly effective for particles that are not too fine, as very fine particles can clog the sieve openings.
Direct Image Analysis: Direct image analysis (DIA) involves capturing images of particles and analyzing them to determine size and shape. This can be done statically (SIA) or dynamically (DIA). Static image analysis captures images of stationary particles, while dynamic image analysis captures images of particles in motion. This method is useful for particles of various sizes and can provide detailed information about particle shape.
Static Light Scattering (Laser Diffraction): Static light scattering, also known as laser diffraction, measures the size of particles by analyzing the diffraction pattern of a laser beam passed through a dispersed particle sample. The size of the particles is determined by the angle and intensity of the diffracted light. This method is suitable for a wide range of particle sizes and is commonly used for both dry and wet particle samples.
Dynamic Light Scattering: Dynamic light scattering (DLS) measures the size of particles by analyzing the fluctuations in light intensity scattered by particles in suspension. This method is particularly useful for measuring the size of small particles, typically less than a few micrometers in diameter. DLS is often used for colloidal particles and biological samples.
Each of these methods has its own advantages and limitations, and the choice of method depends on the specific requirements of the analysis, including the size range of the particles, the nature of the sample, and the desired level of detail in the results.
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