When tungsten is heated, it exhibits several unique properties due to its high melting point and thermal stability. Tungsten can be used at extremely high temperatures, up to 2000°C (3632°F) under low pressure conditions, and is resistant to evaporation up to roughly 2400°C (4,352°F) at very low pressures. It retains its strength well at elevated temperatures and has good mechanical and thermal stability, making it suitable for various high-temperature applications such as heating elements in furnaces and incandescent light bulbs.
However, tungsten is susceptible to embrittlement and mechanical and thermal shock, especially when exposed to air at high temperatures. It oxidizes in air starting around 500°C (932°F) and this oxidation occurs rapidly above about 1200°C (2192°F). To prevent this, tungsten heating elements should be used in controlled environments, such as vacuum or hydrogen atmospheres, and should be operated with a temperature control system that limits power during startup to avoid overheating and embrittlement.
Tungsten's high melting point of 3420°C (6187°F), low vapor pressure, high hot strength, and other thermal properties make it ideal for use in hot zone construction of vacuum furnaces. It also has high corrosion resistance against acids and molten metals, good electrical conductivity, and a high modulus of elasticity, which are beneficial in various industrial applications including lighting, electrical contacts, medical X-ray shielding, and construction tools.
In summary, when heated, tungsten maintains its structural integrity and functionality at very high temperatures, making it invaluable in numerous high-temperature applications. However, careful handling and controlled environments are necessary to prevent oxidation and embrittlement.
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