Pyrolysis oil is also known as bio-crude or bio-oil. This term is used to describe a synthetic fuel that is being researched as a potential substitute for petroleum. It is produced by heating dried biomass in the absence of oxygen at high temperatures, followed by rapid cooling. The resulting product is a type of tar that contains high levels of oxygen, making it different from pure hydrocarbons. This high oxygen content leads to several unique properties of pyrolysis oil, including non-volatility, corrosiveness, immiscibility with fossil fuels, thermal instability, and a tendency to polymerize when exposed to air.
The process of obtaining pyrolysis oil involves pyrolysis, which is a well-established technique for decomposing organic material at elevated temperatures without oxygen. This process can use various feedstocks such as forest and agricultural residues, waste wood, yard waste, and energy crops. The pyrolysis process results in a range of products including solid char, liquids (water and bio-oil), and gases. The bio-oil component is a brown, polar liquid consisting of a mix of oxygenated compounds, which varies depending on the feedstock and reaction conditions.
Fast pyrolysis, a method that maximizes the production of gases and oil, involves rapid thermal decomposition of carbonaceous materials in the absence of oxygen. The major product of this process is bio-oil, which is a liquid emulsion of oxygenated organic compounds, polymers, and water. Pyrolysis oil contains up to 40% oxygen by weight and exhibits properties that differ from petroleum oil, such as being not miscible with petroleum oils, containing water (often 20-30%), having a lower heating value, being acidic, unstable when heated, and having a higher density than water. It also often contains solid inorganics and carbon char.
In summary, pyrolysis oil, also referred to as bio-crude or bio-oil, is a complex liquid fuel derived from biomass through a controlled pyrolysis process. Its unique properties and composition make it a distinct alternative to traditional petroleum products, though it requires further refining or upgrading to be used effectively as a fuel or chemical feedstock.
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