The temperature of thermal evaporation typically ranges from 250 to 350 degrees Celsius. This temperature range is used to heat the source materials in a thermal evaporation system in order to bring them from a solid state to vapor. It is important to note that the temperature required for thermal evaporation is not the same as the evaporation or sublimation temperature at ambient conditions. The process of thermal evaporation is carried out under vacuum conditions, which allows for lower temperatures to release the vapor of the materials.
Different materials have different temperature requirements for thermal evaporation. For example, gold can be vaporized at a temperature of around 950 degrees Celsius under vacuum conditions, even though its boiling point under standard conditions is much higher at 2700 degrees Celsius. The required temperatures for various materials can be found in widely available tables.
It is also worth considering that thermal evaporation is not suitable for evaporating all materials. Electron-beam evaporation may be required for certain materials, especially refractory metals. Electron-beam evaporation involves heating the source material in a high vacuum chamber with a pressure of less than 10-5 Torr. This high vacuum is necessary to minimize collisions between the source atoms and background materials. Thermal evaporation typically operates at temperatures below 1800 degrees Celsius, while electron-beam evaporation can handle higher temperatures, such as 2000 degrees Celsius for evaporating platinum.
In summary, thermal evaporation is a process in which materials are heated in a vacuum chamber until their surface atoms have enough energy to leave the surface and form a vapor. The temperature range for thermal evaporation is typically between 250 and 350 degrees Celsius, although specific temperature requirements vary for different materials.
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