Almost all types of plastics, except for PVC and PET, can be used in pyrolysis to produce oil. The efficiency of oil production varies depending on the type of plastic, with some yielding over 90% oil.
Types of Plastics Suitable for Pyrolysis:
- PP, PE, PS: These plastics have high oil yields, often reaching over 90%. They are commonly used in various consumer products and are ideal for pyrolysis due to their high conversion rates to oil.
- ABS: This type of plastic has an oil yield of more than 40%. ABS is known for its strength and durability, making it a suitable candidate for pyrolysis.
- White Plastic Sheets: These typically yield about 70% oil. They are often used in packaging and can be efficiently converted through pyrolysis.
- Instant Noodles Packing Bags: These yield around 40% oil. The plastic used in these bags is generally a mix of different polymers, which affects the overall yield.
- Plastic Logos: These yield about 20% oil. The materials used in logos can vary, impacting the efficiency of pyrolysis.
- Plastic Household Garbage: This can yield between 30% to 50% oil. The composition of household garbage plastics is diverse, leading to varied yields.
- Plastic Cable Sheath: This yields about 80% oil. The plastic used in cable sheaths is typically purer, leading to higher yields.
- Plastic Bags: These yield about 30% oil. The type of plastic in bags can vary, affecting the pyrolysis outcome.
Process of Pyrolysis: Pyrolysis, also known as thermal cracking or thermolysis, involves the breakdown of larger plastic molecules into smaller molecules of oil, gas, and carbon using heat. The process can be enhanced with the use of catalysts, known as catalytic pyrolysis. The steps involved in plastic pyrolysis include shredding, drying, preprocessing to separate non-plastics, actual pyrolysis, oil distillation and purification, and finally storage and dispatch of the oil.
Feedstock Considerations: The pyrolysis process is highly dependent on the moisture content of the feedstock, which should ideally be around 10%. High-moisture waste streams require drying before pyrolysis. The particle size of feedstocks also plays a crucial role, with most pyrolysis technologies requiring particles no larger than 2 mm for efficient heat transfer.
Limitations and Exclusions: PVC and PET are not recommended for pyrolysis due to their chlorine and oxygen content, which can lead to the production of harmful byproducts and clogging of the pyrolysis system. These materials require alternative disposal or recycling methods.
In summary, pyrolysis is a viable method for converting a wide range of plastic waste into valuable oil products, with the exception of PVC and PET. The process is efficient for most common plastics and can be optimized through careful selection and preparation of feedstock.
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