The challenges of plastic pyrolysis primarily revolve around process efficiency, economic viability, and environmental impact. Conventional pyrolysis techniques struggle with continuous processing due to the difficulty in evenly heating moving materials, especially those containing plastic or rubber which become sticky when heated. This issue is addressed by Microwave Assisted Pyrolysis, which uses microwaves to heat individual molecules in the organic material, providing more accurate and even heating.
Economically, the search for alternative energy sources is crucial, and recycling waste plastic can be a significant part of waste management. However, the disposal of used consumer plastic has increased with industrial development, making it essential to reduce waste plastic, reuse goods with high calorific values, and recycle materials. Landfills are no longer a cost-effective or appropriate solution for waste disposal.
Technically, plastic pyrolysis involves the breakdown of larger plastic molecules into smaller molecules of oil, gas, and carbon using heat. This process is also known as thermal cracking, cracking, thermolysis, depolymerisation, or catalytic pyrolysis when a catalyst is used. The types of plastic waste suitable for pyrolysis include post-consumer plastics, municipal solid waste segregated plastics, reject of mechanical recycling, multi-layer packaging, and mixed PET/PVC contaminated plastics.
The steps involved in plastic pyrolysis are shredding, drying, preprocessing to separate non-plastics, pyrolysis, distillation and purification of pyrolysis oil, and storage and dispatch. Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for selecting plastic pyrolysis technology include safety, as the process involves heating flammable materials to explosive temperatures, and environmental impact, as conventional pyrolysis can emit toxic gases like nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide if not controlled properly.
In summary, the challenges of plastic pyrolysis are primarily related to process efficiency, economic viability, and environmental impact. These challenges can be mitigated through advanced technologies like Microwave Assisted Pyrolysis and careful selection of KPIs that prioritize safety and environmental sustainability.
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