The three main products of the pyrolysis of biomass are biochar, bio-oil, and pyrolysis gas.
Biochar is a carbon-rich solid residue that is produced during the pyrolysis process. It is typically mixed with fertilizer and returned to the soil, where it serves dual purposes: as a medium for carbon storage and as a beneficial amendment to improve soil quality. Biochar helps in enhancing soil fertility, water retention, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions from the soil.
Bio-oil, also known as pyrolysis oil, is a brown, polar liquid composed of a complex mixture of oxygenated compounds. The composition of bio-oil varies depending on the type of biomass and the pyrolysis conditions. It is primarily used as a fuel but is most valuable as an alternative to coal tar in the chemical industry, serving as a feedstock for producing various chemicals. Bio-oil is considered a renewable substitute for fossil fuels due to its high energy content and the ability to refine it further into more valuable products.
Pyrolysis gas is a non-condensable gaseous phase that is mainly composed of carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), methane (CH4), hydrogen (H2), and other low carbon number hydrocarbons. This gas is a valuable byproduct of the pyrolysis process and can be utilized for generating electric power, heating, cooking, and other energy-related applications. The gas can also be used as a fuel in various industrial processes, providing a sustainable energy source that reduces reliance on fossil fuels.
These three products—biochar, bio-oil, and pyrolysis gas—are integral to the biomass pyrolysis process, each serving different purposes in environmental management, energy production, and chemical synthesis. The yields and compositions of these products can vary significantly based on the type of biomass, pyrolysis conditions, and reactor types used, making the optimization of these parameters crucial for maximizing the efficiency and sustainability of the process.
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