The three stages of pyrolysis are:
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Drying: The initial stage of pyrolysis involves drying the feedstock to remove any moisture. This step is crucial for ensuring efficient pyrolysis and preventing unwanted reactions. Moisture removal is necessary because wet materials are difficult to heat beyond the boiling point of water, which can hinder the pyrolysis process. Drying typically occurs in special dryers to enhance the efficiency of the subsequent pyrolysis stages.
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Pyrolysis: After drying, the feedstock is subjected to high temperatures, usually ranging from 400 to 800 degrees Celsius, in the absence of oxygen. This thermal decomposition process breaks down the organic material into volatile gases, liquid products, and solid char. The specific temperature and duration of this stage can vary depending on the type of pyrolysis being performed (slow, fast, or flash), influencing the yield and composition of the products.
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Condensation and Collection: The final stage involves the condensation and collection of the pyrolysis products. The volatile gases and liquid products are condensed into bio-oil, while the solid char is collected separately. This stage is critical for capturing the valuable by-products of pyrolysis, which can be used as biofuels or other chemical feedstocks. The efficiency of this stage depends on the design of the condensation system and the conditions under which the pyrolysis occurs.
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