Pyrolysis oil, derived from the thermal decomposition of biomass in the absence of oxygen, has a variety of applications primarily in energy generation and as a potential feedstock for chemical production. It can be used in diesel engines and for power generation, although it faces challenges such as high viscosity, low stability, and corrosiveness. Additionally, pyrolysis oil can be upgraded in refinery infrastructure to produce hydrocarbon fuels or used directly in boilers and furnaces.
Energy Generation: Pyrolysis oil can be utilized as a fuel in diesel engines and for power generation in both distributed and large-scale power plants. Studies, such as those by Shihadeh et al. [20], have shown that the thermal efficiency of pyrolysis oil in internal combustion engines is comparable to that of diesel fuel. However, it exhibits a longer ignition delay compared to conventional fuels. This application is significant as it provides a renewable alternative to fossil fuels in energy production.
Challenges in Industrial Application: Despite its potential, pyrolysis oil faces several limitations that hinder its widespread industrial use. These include high viscosity, low stability, and corrosiveness, which affect its storage, handling, and performance in engines [19][21]. These characteristics make it less suitable for direct use without further treatment or modification.
Upgrading and Chemical Production: Pyrolysis oil can be upgraded in refinery infrastructure to produce hydrocarbon fuels, which broadens its applicability in the energy sector. Additionally, it can be used as a feedstock for the production of chemicals and materials. This aspect of pyrolysis oil utilization is particularly promising as it diversifies the range of products that can be derived from biomass, thereby enhancing the economic viability of biomass conversion technologies.
Direct Use in Industrial Applications: Pyrolysis oil can be directly used in boilers and furnaces, serving as a fuel source in various industrial processes. This direct application is facilitated by standards such as ASTM D7544, which regulate the specifications of pyrolysis oil when used as a liquid biofuel.
Emerging Markets and Future Prospects: The commercialization of pyrolysis technology is gaining momentum, with several plants operational worldwide converting various types of biomass into pyrolysis oil. In countries like India and the United States, pyrolysis oil is being used in innovative ways, such as converting waste materials into energy and other valuable products. The ongoing development of techniques to upgrade pyrolysis oil suggests that it could become a more economically competitive and widely applicable alternative fuel in the future.
In summary, pyrolysis oil offers a renewable and versatile resource with applications ranging from energy generation to chemical production. While it faces technical challenges, ongoing research and development efforts are likely to enhance its viability and expand its use in various industries.
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