Evaporation materials are substances utilized in the formation of thin films or coatings on surfaces through a process called evaporation. These materials are heated to high temperatures until they vaporize. In a vacuum environment, the vaporized material travels directly to the surface of an object, typically a substrate, where it condenses and forms a thin film. This process occurs within a vacuum chamber to prevent contamination and ensure that only the desired material forms the coating.
The purity levels of evaporation materials typically range from 99.9% to 99.99999%, depending on the specific application. High purity is crucial as it directly impacts the quality and performance of the thin films produced.
Examples of materials used as evaporation materials include pure metals, antimonides, arsenides, borides, carbides, fluorides, nitrides, oxides, selenides, silicides, sulfides, and tellurides. These materials come in various shapes such as chunks, foils, pellets, wires, rods, shots, and slugs, which facilitate their efficient use in evaporation processes.
Common thermal evaporation techniques include resistive heating evaporation, electron beam evaporation, flash evaporation, and induction heating evaporation. Each method involves heating the evaporation material to its vaporization point, either through resistive heating in a crucible, focusing an electron beam on the material, quickly heating the material using a high-current pulse, or inducing currents in the material through induction heating.
The process of evaporation, particularly resistance thermal evaporation, requires a vacuum environment to ensure the material's vapor pressure exceeds that of the surrounding environment. Essential equipment includes a vacuum system, a source of electrical energy, and a resistive element typically shaped like a "boat" made from a refractory metal. This setup allows for the generation of heat as power is supplied, leading to the vaporization of the material and the subsequent formation of thin films on substrates.
Plasmaterials, Inc. provides a wide range of materials suitable for thermal evaporation, including elemental, alloy, composite, metallic, ceramic, cermet, and refractory materials, available in various bulk forms. These materials are produced using techniques like Powder Metallurgy (PM) or Vacuum Melting (VM) and come with a certificate of analysis detailing their chemical and trace element composition.
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