Understanding the temperature dependence of graphite is crucial for its effective use in various industrial applications.
What is the Temperature Dependence of Graphite? (9 Key Points)
1. Mechanical Strength
The mechanical strength of graphite increases as the temperature rises, up to 2700 K. At this temperature, graphite has about double the strength it has at room temperature. However, above 2700 K, its strength starts to decrease.
2. Oxidation
Graphite is sensitive to oxygen and should not be exposed to air at elevated temperatures. Oxidation starts around 500°C and can lead to a rapid loss of mass. Repeated exposure to air at high temperatures can result in the material losing thickness and eventually experiencing structural failure.
3. Temperature Limit
Graphite can be used at temperatures up to 2450°C under pressures of 10-2 torr. If the pressure is further lowered to 10-4 torr, graphite can typically be operated up to 2150°C.
4. Graphitization
Raising the temperature allows the carbon atoms in graphite to travel to more suitable positions, resulting in the formation of ideal graphite with superior properties. The process of graphitization occurs between 1900°C and 2000°C, leading to the straightening of graphite layers and reducing interlayer distances.
5. Heat Treatment
By subjecting graphite to heat treatment at temperatures up to 3000°C, its properties are enhanced, making it an ideal starting material for various industrial applications. Heat treatment of graphite has become an emerging market.
6. Thermal and Electrical Conductivity
Graphite is a good conductor of electricity and heat. It has excellent thermal properties and chemical resistance, making it desirable for thermal applications.
7. Industrial Applications
Graphite is used in various industries, including automotive, where it is used for manufacturing brakes, clutch facings, mechanical seals, brake linings, friction components, engine parts, and as a substitute for aluminum or steel in car frames.
8. Graphite Heating Elements
Graphite heating elements are manufactured from high-purity carbon composites and provide excellent temperature uniformity, longevity, mechanical strength, and repeatability. They have unique designs to minimize gas ionization at elevated temperatures and use power connections with a tapered fit for easy removal and installation.
9. Graphite Electric Heating Element
Graphite is used as an electric heating element material due to its stable resistivity, low resistance temperature coefficient, small thermal expansion coefficient, and large blackness. However, it is important to note that graphite is relatively soft at room temperature and can be easily broken or damaged. It should not be used in heating furnaces where it is difficult to replace the heating element. Additionally, special precautions should be taken to prevent reactions with graphite when selecting support and connection materials.
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