The temperature of pyrolysis typically ranges from 400 to 800 degrees Celsius (752 to 1472 degrees Fahrenheit). This range is applicable across different types of pyrolysis, including slow and fast pyrolysis, each optimizing specific product yields based on the temperature and residence time.
Slow Pyrolysis: In slow pyrolysis, the temperatures generally range from 400 to 800°C. This method is characterized by longer residence times for both solids and gases, and slower heating rates. The primary products of slow pyrolysis are tar and char. The process is designed to maximize charcoal yield, which can reach about 30% of the dry biomass weight. The optimal temperature for charcoal production varies depending on the intended use of the charcoal. Lower temperatures tend to yield more charcoal but with a higher volatile content.
Fast Pyrolysis: Fast pyrolysis operates within a similar temperature range but is optimized for different outcomes. It involves very high heating and heat transfer rates, with a rapid cooling of the products. The residence time at the pyrolysis temperature is very short, typically less than one second. At lower temperatures (up to about 650°C), the process maximizes the yield of condensable vapors, with about 70% of the biomass weight being obtained as a liquid. Higher temperatures (above 700°C) shift the yield towards gases, with up to 80% of the biomass being converted into a combustible gas.
Pyrolysis Process Overview: The pyrolysis process itself involves three main stages:
- Drying: The feedstock is dried to remove moisture, ensuring efficient pyrolysis and preventing unwanted reactions.
- Pyrolysis: The dried feedstock is subjected to high temperatures in the absence of oxygen, leading to the decomposition of the organic material into volatile gases, liquid products, and solid char.
- Condensation and Collection: The products are then rapidly cooled and collected, depending on the specific type of pyrolysis and the desired end products.
In summary, the temperature of pyrolysis is a critical parameter that can be adjusted within the range of 400 to 800°C to optimize the yield of specific products, whether it be charcoal in slow pyrolysis or bio-fuels in fast pyrolysis.
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