Knowledge What are the limits of detection for XRF? (7 Key Factors Explained)
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Tech Team · Kintek Solution

Updated 1 month ago

What are the limits of detection for XRF? (7 Key Factors Explained)

X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is a powerful analytical technique, but its limits of detection can vary widely.

These limits depend on several factors, including the concentration of the element in the sample and the type of sample being analyzed.

Generally, the detection limits for most elements range from 2-20 ng/cm2 for micro samples, thin samples, aerosols, and liquids.

However, it's important to note that these limits can change depending on the specific application and sample type.

7 Key Factors Explained

What are the limits of detection for XRF? (7 Key Factors Explained)

1. X-ray Emission and Background Scattering

X-ray emission occurs at characteristic wavelengths that correspond to electron transitions within the atoms of the analyzed sample.

These emission peaks are superimposed over a continuous background of X-rays that are scattered by the loosely bound outer electrons.

The intensity of the emission peaks and the background scattering are influenced by the particle size, mineral composition, and particle density of the sample.

2. Depth of X-ray Emission

The depth from which the characteristic X-rays originate also affects the detection limits.

Typically, these X-rays are emitted from surface atoms at depths ranging from 1-1000 µm below the sample's surface.

The exact depth depends on the atomic weight of the element being detected.

Lighter elements are generally more difficult to detect than heavier elements.

3. Sample Preparation Techniques

Sample preparation is another important aspect of XRF analysis.

Samples can be prepared as liquids or solids.

One common technique is the use of fused beads, where the sample is ground to a particle size of less than 75 µm and mixed with a flux (usually a lithium tetraborate or tetraborate/metaborate mixture).

The mixture is heated in a platinum crucible to high temperatures, potentially up to 1,600 °C.

However, the fused bead technique may have limitations in detecting trace elements as the sample needs to be diluted.

4. Types of XRF Spectrometers

XRF spectrometers are typically categorized into two types: Energy Dispersive XRF spectrometers (ED-XRF) and Wavelength Dispersive XRF spectrometers (WD-XRF).

ED-XRF spectrometers are simpler and easier to use, allowing for the simultaneous collection of signals from multiple elements.

They offer a resolution range of 150 eV to 600 eV.

On the other hand, WD-XRF spectrometers collect one signal at a time at different angles using a goniometer.

These instruments are more complex and expensive but offer higher resolution ranging from 5 eV to 20 eV.

5. Industrial Applications

XRF has various applications in industries such as cement, metal ores, mineral ores, oil & gas, environmental, and geological analysis.

However, any laboratory with the necessary expertise can make use of XRF technology.

6. Avoiding Metal Contamination

In terms of sample preparation equipment, it is important to consider avoiding metal contamination.

Tungsten carbide lined dies can be used to prevent iron contamination from stainless steel bodies.

Different diameters are available, with smaller diameters typically used for Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) analysis and larger diameters for XRF analysis.

7. Advanced XRF Equipment

Upgrade your laboratory with KINTEK's advanced XRF equipment!

Our cutting-edge technology offers unrivaled detection limits, ranging from 2-20 ng/cm2, ensuring accurate analysis even for micro samples, thin samples, aerosols, and liquids.

With factors like atomic weight, particle size, mineral composition, and particle density taken into account, our equipment guarantees precise results.

Maximize your research potential by grinding samples to fine particles and compressing them into smooth and flat XRF pellets, reducing background scattering and enhancing emission detection.

Elevate your laboratory capabilities with KINTEK today!

Continue exploring, consult our experts

Ready to enhance your laboratory's capabilities?

Contact us today to learn more about our advanced XRF equipment and how it can benefit your research.

Our experts are here to guide you through the process and help you make the best choice for your needs.

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