The products of pyrolysis oil primarily include bio-oil, char, and pyrolytic gas. Bio-oil, the main product, is a complex mixture of oxygenated hydrocarbons often containing significant amounts of water, making it unstable and unsuitable for direct use as an engine fuel without upgrading. Char, another significant product, consists of solid residues including high carbon content organic matter and ash. Pyrolytic gas, the third major product, is composed mainly of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane, hydrogen, and other hydrocarbons, produced at varying temperatures during the pyrolysis process.
Bio-oil: Bio-oil is a dark brown, polar liquid primarily composed of oxygenated compounds derived from the fragmentation and depolymerization of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in biomass during fast pyrolysis. The yield of bio-oil can range from 50 wt% to 75 wt% on a dry biomass basis, depending on reaction conditions such as heating rate, residence time, biomass particle size, and temperature. Bio-oil contains numerous organic components including acids, alcohols, ketones, furans, phenols, ethers, esters, sugars, aldehydes, alkenes, nitrogen, and oxygen compounds. Its high content of reactive molecules and oligomeric species (molecular weight larger than 5000) contributes to its thermal instability and tendency to polymerize when exposed to air. This instability leads to aging, characterized by increased water content, higher viscosity, and phase separation, necessitating upgrading before use as an engine fuel.
Char: Char is the solid product of pyrolysis, encompassing organic matter with high carbon content and ash. It is formed during the decomposition of biomass at elevated temperatures in the absence of oxygen. The composition and properties of char can vary significantly depending on the type of biomass and the specific conditions of the pyrolysis process.
Pyrolytic Gas: Pyrolytic gas is produced alongside bio-oil and char during the pyrolysis process. At moderate temperatures, the gas products are primarily composed of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and methane. At higher temperatures, additional gases such as hydrogen and other hydrocarbons (CXHY) are also produced. The composition of the pyrolytic gas can influence the overall efficiency and environmental impact of the pyrolysis process.
In summary, pyrolysis oil production yields a complex array of products, each with distinct characteristics and potential applications. The bio-oil, char, and pyrolytic gas produced can be further processed or utilized in various industrial and energy sectors, depending on their properties and the specific needs of the application.
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