The yields of pyrolysis vary depending on the type of pyrolysis process, the temperature, and the residence time. In general, pyrolysis can yield bio-oil, non-condensable gases, and char (carbon-rich residue). The specific yields can be manipulated by adjusting the process parameters such as temperature, heating rate, and gas residence time.
Bio-oil Yield: The bio-oil yield is maximized at temperatures ranging from 350 to 500°C. This is achieved through fast pyrolysis, which involves high heating and heat transfer rates, a controlled pyrolysis temperature, and rapid cooling of the products. The residence time at the pyrolysis temperature is very short, typically less than one second. Under these conditions, about 70% of the biomass weight can be obtained as a liquid, with fast pyrolysis processes yielding up to 80% bio-fuels on dry feed, typically 65% liquids.
Non-condensable Gases Yield: The yield of non-condensable gases is increased at higher temperatures, typically above 700°C. In this regime, about 80% of the biomass can be converted to a combustible gas. The process parameters that favor gas production include a low heating rate and a long gas residence time.
Char Yield: Char, the carbon-rich residue, is favored by low temperatures and heating rates. The formation of char is a common outcome of pyrolysis, especially in slower pyrolysis processes where the biomass is heated more slowly and at lower temperatures.
Manipulation of Yields: The yields of pyrolysis products can be tailored by adjusting the process conditions. For instance, high temperatures and low heating rates favor gas production, while average temperatures, high heating rates, and short gas residence times favor liquid product formation. Low temperatures and heating rates favor char production.
Industrial Applications: Pyrolysis is used in various industrial applications, including the production of ethylene through the cracking of methane, ethane, petroleum naphtha, and light gas and fuel oils. These processes are carried out at high temperatures (700 to 1200°C) and pressures (1-30 bar) in long, thin reactor tubes. The complexity of the reaction schemes in these processes can lead to a wide spectrum of products, from light gases to tars and coke.
Conclusion: Pyrolysis is a versatile thermochemical process that can convert biomass and polymer waste into valuable fuel and chemical products. The yields of bio-oil, gases, and char can be optimized by carefully controlling the pyrolysis conditions, making it a flexible and economically viable technology for waste management and bio-fuel production.
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