The mechanism of pyrolysis of biomass materials involves both primary and secondary mechanisms, leading to the production of bio-oil, charcoal, and gas. The primary mechanism includes char formation, depolymerization, and fragmentation, while the secondary mechanism involves cracking, recombination, and the formation of secondary char.
Primary Mechanism:
- Char Formation: During this stage, biomass is heated, leading to the formation of benzene rings. These rings then combine to form a solid residue known as char, which is an aromatic polycyclic structure. This process also releases water or incondensable gas.
- Depolymerization: This involves the breaking of chemical bonds within the polymers of the biomass, particularly within cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. This step is crucial as it initiates the breakdown of complex organic structures into simpler molecules.
- Fragmentation: Following depolymerization, the biomass fragments into smaller volatile compounds. These compounds are released as gases or condensed into bio-oil.
Secondary Mechanism:
- Cracking: Some of the volatile compounds produced during the primary mechanism are unstable and undergo further reactions, known as cracking. This process breaks down larger molecules into smaller, more stable ones.
- Recombination: In this stage, smaller molecules can recombine to form more complex compounds, which can contribute to the formation of secondary char or additional gases.
- Formation of Secondary Char: This involves the further transformation of the primary char through various chemical reactions, enhancing its properties and stability.
The overall process of pyrolysis begins with drying the biomass to remove moisture, followed by heating in the absence of oxygen to temperatures typically between 300-900°C. The specific temperature and heating rate influence the predominant product (biochar, bio-oil, or gases). After pyrolysis, the products are cooled and separated into their respective forms.
The efficiency and product distribution in biomass pyrolysis are significantly influenced by the operating conditions such as temperature, residence time, and the physical and chemical properties of the biomass feedstock. These factors determine the yield and quality of the bio-oil, charcoal, and gas produced.
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