The thermal conductivity of graphite is approximately 800-2000 W/(m·K). This high thermal conductivity makes graphite a desirable material for various thermal applications. The heat is conducted in graphite through phonons, which are responsible for transferring heat energy. The rigidity of the graphite lattice, which gives it its high thermal conductivity, also contributes to its high hardness.
Graphite is capable of operating at high temperatures, but it is important to note that it is oxygen-sensitive and should not be exposed to air at elevated temperatures. Oxidation of graphite starts around 500°C (932°F) and can result in a loss of mass and structural failure. However, in a controlled environment with low pressures, graphite can be used up to temperatures as high as 2450°C (4442°F) at pressures down to 10-2 torr.
In terms of thermal applications, graphite heating elements are designed with thicker dimensions compared to elements made of other materials. This is because the electrical resistance of any material decreases with increased cross-sectional area, allowing for increased current flow. Graphite heating elements must be operated at reduced voltage and higher current to ensure the proper power rating.
Graphite furnaces can operate at temperatures of up to 3000°C in inert gas or 2200°C in a vacuum. These furnaces utilize graphite heating elements manufactured from a high-purity carbon composite, providing excellent temperature uniformity, longevity, mechanical strength, and repeatability. The design of the heating elements includes rounded edges and proper gap spacing to minimize gas ionization at elevated temperatures, increasing their life expectancy and maximum obtainable temperatures.
Thermal conductivity is an important factor in determining the heat flux that can pass through a material based on the temperature gradient across the component. It plays a critical role in characterizing the applicability of engineered materials for use in industrial sectors with extreme temperature requirements. High thermal conductivity may not be desirable in certain applications if it results in high-energy loss through heat transference.
In summary, the thermal conductivity of graphite is in the range of 800-2000 W/(m·K). This high thermal conductivity, along with other properties such as high elastic modulus and chemical resistance, makes graphite a suitable material for various thermal applications.
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