What is the yield of plastic pyrolysis? Unlock 40-75% Oil from Waste Plastic

In short, the yield of liquid oil from plastic pyrolysis typically ranges from 40% to 75% by weight. The remaining products are a non-condensable synthetic gas (syngas), usually 10-30%, and a solid carbon residue, or char, at 5-20%. These figures are highly variable and not guaranteed.

The specific yield of any plastic pyrolysis system is not a fixed number. It is a dynamic outcome dictated by the type of plastic feedstock, the process temperature, and the reactor technology used. Understanding these variables is the key to assessing the true potential of the process.

Key Factors That Determine Pyrolysis Yield

Achieving a desirable yield is an exercise in chemical engineering control. The output is a direct consequence of the inputs and process conditions you select.

Feedstock Composition: The Starting Point

The type of plastic you put into the reactor is the single most important factor. Plastics are not all created equal.

Polyolefins (PE, PP, PS) like polyethylene, polypropylene, and polystyrene are ideal. They are simple hydrocarbon chains that break down cleanly into oil, gas, and char. These consistently produce the highest liquid oil yields.

Contaminant Plastics (PET, PVC) are highly problematic. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) releases corrosive hydrochloric acid when heated, which can destroy equipment and contaminate the final oil. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) yields very little oil, instead producing solid terephthalic acid and water, which lowers the overall process efficiency.

Process Temperature: The Primary Control Lever

Temperature directly controls how the long polymer chains break apart (a process called "cracking").

Moderate Temperatures (400–550°C) are the sweet spot for maximizing liquid oil. In this range, the polymer chains crack into medium-length hydrocarbon molecules that condense into a liquid oil at room temperature.

High Temperatures (>600°C) cause more aggressive secondary cracking. The medium-length oil molecules are broken down further into very short, light molecules. This dramatically increases the yield of non-condensable syngas at the expense of liquid oil.

Heating Rate and Residence Time: Fine-Tuning the Reaction

How quickly you heat the plastic and how long you keep it at temperature also shapes the output.

Fast Pyrolysis, characterized by a very high heating rate and short residence time (seconds), is designed to quickly vaporize the plastic and remove the vapors from the hot zone before they can over-react. This method maximizes the liquid oil yield.

Slow Pyrolysis, with a low heating rate and long residence time (minutes to hours), allows for secondary reactions to occur. This tends to increase the proportion of stable char and gas, reducing the final liquid yield.

The Role of Catalysts

Introducing a catalyst into the process can significantly alter the outcome. Catalysts, such as zeolites, can lower the required reaction temperature.

More importantly, they can selectively guide the cracking reactions to produce a higher-quality oil with a more desirable composition, such as hydrocarbons in the gasoline or diesel range. While this improves product value, it adds significant cost and complexity to the operation.

Understanding the Trade-offs

There is no "perfect" yield. Optimizing for one product often comes at the expense of another, and laboratory results rarely translate directly to industrial-scale economics.

The Oil-Gas-Char Balance

You cannot maximize all three outputs simultaneously. A process tuned for high oil yield will inherently produce a specific amount of gas and char. The non-condensable gas is not waste; it is typically captured and used as fuel to power the pyrolysis reactor, reducing external energy costs.

The Problem of Feedstock Purity

While pure polyolefin streams give the best results, real-world post-consumer plastic waste is heavily mixed and contaminated. The cost of sorting this waste to achieve a "clean" feedstock is a major economic hurdle. Running a mixed, un-sorted stream will result in lower oil yields, lower oil quality, and potential operational issues from materials like PVC and PET.

Economic Viability vs. Ideal Yield

The highest possible oil yield does not always equal the most profitable operation. A process with a slightly lower yield but significantly lower energy costs, no need for expensive catalysts, and the ability to handle less-pure feedstock may be far more economically viable in the long run.

Making the Right Choice for Your Goal

The "best" yield depends entirely on your objective. Use these guidelines to align the process with your desired outcome.

• If your primary focus is maximizing liquid fuel (pyrolysis oil): Use pre-sorted polyolefin feedstock (PE, PP), and run the process at moderate temperatures (450-550°C) with a reactor designed for fast pyrolysis.
• If your primary focus is producing valuable chemical feedstocks: Employ higher temperatures (>600°C) and catalysts to crack the polymers back into light olefins like ethylene and propylene for the chemical industry.
• If your primary focus is waste volume reduction with energy recovery: A simpler, slow pyrolysis process can be effective, but plan to use the significant syngas output for process heat and be prepared to handle a lower-quality oil and a higher volume of char.

Ultimately, optimizing pyrolysis yield is a balancing act between feedstock purity, process control, and your specific economic or environmental objective.

Summary Table:

Factor	Impact on Liquid Oil Yield	Key Takeaway
Feedstock (Plastic Type)	High (40-75%): Pure PE, PP, PS Low (<20%): PVC, PET	Polyolefins are ideal; contaminants ruin yield and equipment.
Process Temperature	Max Yield (450-550°C): Optimal for oil High Yield (>600°C): Favors gas production	Temperature is the primary control for product distribution.
Heating Rate & Time	Fast Pyrolysis: Maximizes oil Slow Pyrolysis: Increases char and gas	Rapid heating and short vapor residence time boost oil output.
Use of Catalyst	Can increase quality and target specific hydrocarbons.	Adds cost and complexity but can improve product value.

Ready to optimize your plastic pyrolysis process for maximum yield and efficiency? The figures above are highly variable and depend on precise control of feedstock and reactor conditions. KINTEK specializes in providing robust lab equipment and consumables for pyrolysis research and development. Whether you are testing feedstock purity, optimizing temperature profiles, or scaling your process, our tools deliver the accuracy and reliability you need.

Contact us today at #ContactForm to discuss how our solutions can help you achieve your specific yield and product quality goals.