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reference electrode calomel / silver chloride / mercury sulfate

Electrochemical Consumables

reference electrode calomel / silver chloride / mercury sulfate

Item Number : ELERA

Price varies based on specs and customizations

$19.90 / set

Applicable temperature range
0 ~ 60℃
Types
Complete and diverse models, customizable
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Introduction

Calomel, Silver Chloride, and Mercury Sulfate are three important compounds used in laboratory equipment and consumables. Calomel, also known as mercurous chloride, is a white or yellowish powder that is insoluble in water. It is used as a reference electrode in electrochemistry and as a cathartic and diuretic in medicine. Silver Chloride is a white or grayish-white powder that is insoluble in water. It is used as a disinfectant, an antiseptic, and a photographic reagent. Mercury Sulfate is a white or yellowish-white powder that is soluble in water. It is used as a disinfectant, an antiseptic, and a fungicide.

We offer complete models of reference electrodes for electrochemical experiments that are resistant to acid and alkali, made with high-quality materials, and designed to be both safe and durable. Additionally, we provide customization options to meet your specific needs.

Technical specifications

Saturated calomel electrode

Single salt bridge
Single salt bridge: 1. Gold plated terminal; 2. Fill port; 3. Mercury wick; 4. Ceramic liquid junction
Double salt bridge
Double salt bridge: 1. U-shaped insert with wire; 2. Filling port; 3. Outer salt bridge; 4. Sand core liquid connection
Elbow
Elbow: 1. U-shaped insert with wire; 2. Filling port; 3. Mercury core; 4. Sand core liquid junction
Features Good reproducibility, accurate potential application
Applicable temperature range 0 ~ 25℃
Dimensions The overall length is 140mm, with the upper tube measuring 9.5mm by 35mm and the lower tube measuring 6mm by 65mm.
Types Amalgam-mercury type. It offers a neutral charge and is available in three variations: single salt bridge, double salt bridge, and bent tube.

Silver chloride electrode 1

Silver Chloride Electrode 1
1. Gold-plated terminal; 2. PTFE rod; 3. Silver wire; 4. Gold-plated terminal
Features suitable for small volumes
Applicable temperature range 0 ~ 40℃
Dimensions 90mm overall length, 4*45mm in the down tube
The electrode properties are Ag/AgCI

Silver chloride electrode 2

1. Gold-plated terminal; 2. Liquid can be added; 3. Silver chloride wire; 4. Sand core liquid connection
Features suitable for any situation
Applicable temperature range 0 ~ 60℃
Dimensions 105mm overall length, 6*45mm in the down tube
The nature of the electrode is Ag/AgCI, and the curved tube can be customized for silver chloride

Saturated silver chloride electrode

Saturated silver chloride electrode
1. Gold-plated binding posts; 2. Filling port; 3. Silver chloride wire; 4. ceramic junction
Features Potential stability
Applicable temperature range 0 ~ 60℃
Dimensions The overall size of the unit is 140mm, with the upper tube measuring φ9.5*35mm and the lower tube measuring φ6*65mm.
Types Ag/AgCI type, neutral electrode; there are two kinds of single salt bridge and double salt bridge

Mercurous sulfate electrode

Mercurous sulfate electrode
1. Gold-plated binding posts; 2. Filling port; 3. Silver chloride wire; 4. ceramic junction
Features use acidic electrolyte
Applicable temperature range 0 ~ 60℃
Dimensions The overall size of the unit is 140mm, with the upper tube measuring φ9.5*35mm and the lower tube measuring φ6*65mm.
Types Mercury type, acid electrode; there are two kinds of single salt bridge and double salt bridge

Mercury Oxide Electrode

Single salt bridge
Single salt bridge: 1. Gold-plated terminal; 2. Fill port; 3. Mercury wick; 4. Ceramic junction
Double salt bridge
Double salt bridge: 1. U-shaped insert with wire; 2. Filling port; 3. Outer salt bridge; 4. Sand core liquid connection
Features Suitable for alkaline electrolytes
Applicable temperature range 0 ~ 60℃
Dimensions The overall size of the unit is 140mm, with the upper tube measuring φ9.5*35mm and the lower tube measuring φ6*65mm.
Types Mercury type, alkaline electrode; there are two kinds of single salt bridge and double salt bridge

Silver Chloride Type 218

Silver Chloride Type 218
1. U-shaped plug connection; 2. Filling port; 3. Silver chloride wire; 4. Ceramic sand core
Features Suitable for long-term reactions
Applicable temperature range 0 ~ 60℃
Dimensions The overall size of the unit is 145mm, the lower tube measuring φ9.2*120mm. Wiring is U-shaped blade
Types The nature of the electrode is Ag/AgCI type, which can react unattended for a long time

Silver Chloride Type 219

Silver Chloride Type 219
1. U-shaped plug connection; 2. Filling port; 3. Silver chloride wire; 4. Ceramic sand core
Features Suitable for long-term reactions
Applicable temperature range 0 ~ 60℃
Dimensions The overall size of the unit is 145mm, the lower tube measuring φ9.2*120mm. Wiring is U-shaped blade
Types The nature of the electrode is Ag/AgCI type, and the second liquid junction of the double junction type can be added on demand

Sand core salt bridge

Sand core salt bridge
1. Sand core; 2. Platinum sheet

 

Features Protective electrode, easy to use
Applicable temperature range 0 ~ 80℃
Dimensions Standard φ10*70mm, extended φ10*100mm
Types The built-in sand core liquid junction is used to protect the electrode and reduce the liquid junction potential

Lukin Capillary

Lukin Capillary
1. Glass junction; 2. Glass junction
Features Protective electrode, easy to use
Applicable temperature range 0 ~ 80℃
Dimensions Standard φ10*70mm, extended φ10*100mm
Used to protect the electrode and reduce the liquid junction potential

Variable diameter sand core salt bridge

Variable diameter sand core salt bridge
1. Sand core liquid contact; 2. Sand core liquid contact
Features Protective electrode, easy to use
Applicable temperature range 0 ~ 80℃
Dimensions φ12*70mm / φ6*70mm / φ6*100
Used to protect the electrode and reduce the liquid junction potential

Straight Sand Core Salt Bridge

Straight Sand Core Salt Bridge
1. Filling port; 2. Sand core liquid connection; 3. 4. Sand core liquid junction; 5. Outer Salt Bridge;
Features Protective electrode, easy to use
Applicable temperature range 0 ~ 50℃
Dimensions φ6*80mm / φ10*80mm
The guard electrode reduces the liquid junction potential

Detail & Parts

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Principle

The Calomel / Silver Chloride / Mercury Sulfate principle is based on the electrochemical reaction between calomel (Hg2Cl2) and silver chloride (AgCl) in the presence of mercury sulfate (HgSO4). When the calomel electrode is immersed in a solution containing chloride ions, the following reaction occurs:

Hg2Cl2(s) + 2e- → 2Hg(l) + 2Cl-(aq)

This reaction generates an electrical potential that is proportional to the concentration of chloride ions in the solution. The silver chloride electrode serves as a reference electrode with a stable and well-defined potential, providing a stable reference point for measuring the potential of the calomel electrode.

Applications

Calomel / Silver Chloride / Mercury Sulfate electrodes are widely used in electrochemistry, particularly in applications such as:

  • Reference electrodes in electrochemical cells and potentiometric measurements
  • Determination of redox potentials and electrochemical reactions
  • Corrosion studies and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
  • Electroplating and electrorefining processes
  • Monitoring and control of chemical processes in various industries

Designed for You

KinTek provide deep custom made service and equipment to worldwide customers, our specialized teamwork and rich experienced engineers are capable to undertake the custom tailoring hardware and software equipment requirements, and help our customer to build up the exclusive and personalized equipment and solution!

Would you please drop your ideas to us, our engineers are ready for you now!

FAQ

What are the advantages of using a calomel electrode?

Calomel electrodes are easy to set up, reproducible, convenient, easy to transport, compact, and require little space. They also do not require a separate salt bridge and have a potential that does not change appreciably with time or temperature.

What are the different types of reference electrodes available?

Common reference systems include:* Saturated Calomel (Hg/HgCl)* Ag/AgCl (wire or cartridge)* Cu/CuSO4* Hg/HgSO4* Hg/HgO

When should I use a calomel electrode instead of an Ag/AgCl electrode?

Use a calomel electrode if your sample is incompatible with Ag or Cl. Calomel electrodes are also more stable but contain mercury, making them unsuitable for certain applications (e.g., food, beverage, environmental studies).

What is an electrode in electrochemistry?

An electrode is a solid electrical conductor that serves as the point where current enters and leaves the electrolyte in an electrochemical cell. When the current leaves the electrode, it is called the cathode, and when it enters, it is called the anode. Electrodes are essential components of electrochemical cells, transporting produced electrons from one half-cell to another, which produces an electrical charge. The charge is based on a standard electrode system (SHE) with a reference potential of 0 volts and serves as a medium for any cell potential calculation.

What is reference electrode with an example?

A reference electrode is an electrode with a stable and known electrode potential, used in electrochemical measurements and devices. An example of a reference electrode is the Standard Hydrogen Electrode (SHE), which has a potential of 0.000 V and an activity of H+ of 1 Molar. Other examples of reference electrodes include the Normal Hydrogen Electrode (NHE), Saturated Calomel Electrode (SCE), Silver Chloride Electrode, Copper-Copper Sulfate Electrode, and the pH Electrode. Reference electrodes are used in building electrochemical cells and determining the potential of the other half-cell.

What are the materials used in electrochemical cell?

The materials used in an electrochemical cell are the anode, cathode, and electrolyte. The anode is the negative electrode that releases electrons to the external circuit and oxidizes during the electrochemical reaction. The cathode is the positive electrode that acquires electrons from the external circuit and is reduced during the electrochemical reaction. The electrolyte is the medium that provides the ion transport mechanism between the cathode and anode of a cell. The desirable properties for anode, cathode, and electrolyte materials include high efficiency, stability, good conductivity, ease of fabrication, and low cost.

What is the function of auxiliary electrode?

The auxiliary electrode, also known as the counter electrode, is an electrode used in a three-electrode electrochemical cell for voltammetric analysis or other reactions where an electric current is expected to flow. Its primary function is to provide a pathway for current flow in the electrochemical cell without passing a significant current through the reference electrode. It provides a means of applying input potential to the working electrode. The auxiliary electrode may be isolated from the working electrode to prevent any byproducts generated from contaminating the main test solution. It is often fabricated from electrochemically inert materials such as gold, platinum, or carbon.

What are the 3 electrodes in electrochemistry?

The three electrodes commonly used in electrochemistry are the Working Electrode (WE), Reference Electrode (RE), and Counter Electrode (CE). The WE is where the electrochemical reaction occurs and the current is measured. The RE provides a stable reference potential for the measurement. The CE completes the circuit and balances the charge between the WE and RE. Proper preparation and use of each electrode is crucial for accurate electrochemical experiments.

What is the role of reference electrode?

The role of the reference electrode is to complete the electrical circuit necessary for an electrochemical measurement by providing the second electrode of a complete electrode cell whose total potential is measured. The reference electrode achieves this by providing contact with the sample through its liquid junction. For a reference electrode to be useful, it must provide both a stable and reproducible potential to which the indicating electrode potential can be compared. Most difficulties experienced while performing measurements with electrodes can be traced to the reference electrode, and more specifically, to the reference electrode's liquid junction.

What are the examples of electrochemical material?

Examples of electrochemical materials include anode materials for the oxidation of acetic acid, cathode materials for the reduction of acrylonitrile, and electrode materials for the cathodic hydrodimerization of formaldehyde to ethylene glycol. Selectivity for synthetic electrochemical reactions can be determined by the materials used, with electrode materials imparting control and variation of outcomes. The choice of electrode material can also switch reactivity on or off, such as with the cathodic hydrodimerization of formaldehyde only occurring with mercury or carbon cathodes. Understanding the influence of electrode materials can facilitate improved rationalization of differences in achieved yields or selectivity.

What is the difference between auxiliary and reference electrode?

The main difference between auxiliary and reference electrode lies in their function in an electrochemical cell. The auxiliary electrode, also known as the counter electrode, is used to facilitate charge transfer to and from the analyte and pass all the current so that the current at the working electrode can be controlled. On the other hand, the reference electrode is used to reference when measuring and controlling the potential of the working electrode and does not pass any current. The reference electrode has a fixed potential, while the potential of the auxiliary electrode can change.

What are the different types of electrochemical electrodes?

There are several types of electrochemical electrodes, each designed for specific applications. The most common types include working electrodes, reference electrodes, and counter electrodes. Working electrodes are the primary electrodes where the electrochemical reaction of interest takes place. Reference electrodes provide a stable reference potential against which the working electrode potential can be measured. Counter electrodes complete the circuit by providing a site for the flow of electrons to balance out the current passing through the working electrode.

What is reference electrode used for?

A reference electrode is used to provide a stable and defined potential for electrochemical measurements. It consists of an internal element, typically silver-silver chloride, surrounded by an electrolyte-containing filling solution. The purpose of the reference electrode is to complete the electrical circuit necessary for an electrochemical measurement by providing the second electrode of a complete electrode cell whose total potential is measured. Most electrodes combine a stable reference and a working cell in one probe, but separate reference electrodes are available for certain applications. The choice of reference electrode depends on factors such as sample compatibility, stability, and temperature considerations.

What materials are commonly used for auxiliary electrodes?

The choice of materials for auxiliary electrodes depends on the specific electrochemical system and the desired reaction. Common materials for auxiliary electrodes include platinum, graphite, stainless steel, and certain metal alloys. These materials are typically inert and do not participate in the desired electrochemical reaction, ensuring that the auxiliary electrode's role remains solely as a conductor for current flow.

What materials are commonly used for electrochemical electrodes?

Various materials can be used for electrochemical electrodes depending on the specific application and requirements. Common materials include noble metals such as platinum, gold, and silver, which provide excellent conductivity and chemical stability. Carbon-based materials like graphite or glassy carbon are also commonly used due to their high surface area and good electrical properties. Additionally, metal oxides, conductive polymers, and composite materials are employed for specific applications that necessitate unique properties such as catalytic activity or selectivity.

What is a reference electrode vs counter electrode?

A reference electrode is used as a comparison point for the potential of the working electrode in an electrochemical experiment. It must maintain a stable potential throughout the experiment. Common examples include Ag/AgCl, Ag/Ag+ and the saturated calomel electrode (SCE). On the other hand, a counter electrode transfers electrons between itself and some species in solution, in order to prevent inhibition of electron transfer at the working electrode. It must transfer electrons quickly and is commonly made of platinum metal, such as a platinum wire or a high surface area platinum gauze electrode.

What is the difference between standard and reference electrode?

Standard electrode potential is the potential difference between a half-cell and a standard reference electrode. A reference electrode, on the other hand, is an electrode that has a stable and well-known electrode potential. The key difference is that the standard electrode potential is a relative value, while the reference electrode potential is an absolute value. The standard electrode potential can be used to predict the direction of electron flow in a reaction, whereas the reference electrode potential is used to measure the potential of other half-cells and determine the absolute potential of a given electrode.

How do auxiliary electrodes affect the performance of an electrochemical cell?

Auxiliary electrodes play a crucial role in the performance of electrochemical cells. They help maintain a balanced electrical potential, minimizing side reactions or unwanted reactions at the working electrode. The choice of appropriate materials for the auxiliary electrode is essential to prevent contamination or interference with the desired electrochemical process. Additionally, the design and positioning of the auxiliary electrode within the cell can impact overall efficiency and uniformity of current distribution. Proper selection and placement of auxiliary electrodes can enhance the performance, accuracy, and reproducibility of electrochemical measurements or processes.

What factors should be considered when selecting an electrochemical electrode?

When selecting an electrochemical electrode, several factors should be considered. The choice of electrode material is crucial, as it determines the electrode's conductivity, stability, and catalytic activity. The electrode size and geometry should match the specific experimental setup and requirements. Consideration should also be given to the compatibility of the electrode material with the electrolyte and the potential range of the electrochemical system. Additionally, cost, availability, and ease of fabrication should be taken into account when selecting an electrode for practical applications.

Why are auxiliary electrodes necessary in electrochemical systems?

Auxiliary electrodes are necessary in electrochemical systems to maintain electrical neutrality and ensure the flow of current. In many electrochemical reactions, the desired reaction occurs at the working electrode, while the auxiliary electrode acts as a counterbalance. It helps to complete the circuit by providing a path for the flow of electrons or ions, thereby allowing the continuous movement of charge and ensuring the overall electrochemical reaction proceeds smoothly and efficiently.

How can electrochemical electrodes be used in various applications?

Electrochemical electrodes find applications in a wide range of fields, including energy storage and conversion, corrosion analysis, sensors and biosensors, electroplating, and water treatment. They are used in batteries and fuel cells to facilitate the electrochemical reactions that store and convert energy. Electrochemical sensors and biosensors utilize electrodes to detect and measure analytes in various samples. Electroplating and electrorefining processes rely on electrodes to deposit or extract metal ions. Additionally, electrochemical electrodes are employed in electrochemical machining, electroanalysis, and many other research and industrial applications that involve studying or manipulating electrochemical phenomena.

Are there any limitations or considerations when using auxiliary electrodes?

When using auxiliary electrodes, several limitations and considerations should be taken into account. The choice of materials for the auxiliary electrode is critical to prevent any unwanted reactions or contamination that could affect the desired electrochemical process. Compatibility between the auxiliary electrode and the electrolyte or reactants should be considered to ensure stability and long-term performance. Additionally, the design and positioning of the auxiliary electrode should be carefully optimized to minimize current distribution issues or potential interference with the working electrode. It is also essential to regularly monitor and maintain the auxiliary electrode to prevent degradation or contamination that could impact its performance. Finally, the size and shape of the auxiliary electrode should be considered to ensure compatibility with the specific electrochemical cell or system being used.
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