To carbonize charcoal, the process involves three main stages: drying, initial carbonization, and comprehensive carbonization. Each stage is characterized by specific temperature ranges and chemical changes.
1. Briquettes Drying Stage (Temperature up to 160℃): In this initial stage, the biomass materials, such as wood or other organic matter, are heated to evaporate moisture. The temperature gradually rises from the ignition point to about 160℃. During this phase, there are no chemical changes; the primary process is physical, involving the evaporation of water from the biomass. This stage is crucial for preparing the material for the subsequent stages of carbonization.
2. Initial Carbonization Stage (Temperature 160～280℃): As the temperature increases from 160℃ to 280℃, the biomass starts to undergo thermal decomposition. Key components like hemicellulose begin to break down, releasing gases such as CO2, CO, and acetic acid. This stage is characterized by the initial chemical transformations of the biomass, setting the stage for further carbonization.
3. Comprehensive Carbonizing Stage (Temperature 300～650℃): At temperatures ranging from 300℃ to 650℃, the biomass undergoes radical chemical decomposition. This stage is marked by the production of various by-products including acetic acid, carbinol, wood tar, and combustible gases like methane and ethylene. These gases contribute to the high temperatures necessary for the distillation of the biomass into charcoal. The charcoal produced in this stage is of higher quality, being hard and brittle, and does not catch fire easily.
Cooling Phase: After the thermal decomposition is complete, the charcoal must be cooled in the absence of air to prevent combustion. This phase typically takes twice as long as the carbonization phase unless a forced cooling method, such as quenching in water, is used.
Factors Affecting Charcoal Yield: The yield and quality of charcoal are influenced by several factors including the heating rate, peak temperature, type of feedstock, gas environment, and pressure during the carbonization process.
In summary, carbonizing charcoal involves a controlled heating process that transforms biomass into charcoal through a series of chemical and physical changes. The process requires careful management of temperature and environmental conditions to ensure the production of high-quality charcoal.
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