A graphite furnace works by heating a sample solution in a graphite or pyrolytic carbon-coated graphite tube to vaporize and atomize the analyte. The graphite tube furnace, which consists of graphite tubes with good thermal conductivity and high temperature resistance, is used to bring the sample or workpiece to high temperatures. The advantages of the graphite tube furnace include fast heating speed, good temperature uniformity, and easy operation.
In the graphite furnace, the sample solution is injected into the graphite tube, and then the tube is heated. As the temperature increases, the sample solution vaporizes and the atoms of the analyte are atomized. These atoms can absorb ultraviolet or visible light of a specific wavelength that is characteristic of the element being analyzed. This absorption causes the atoms to make transitions to higher electronic energy levels. By measuring the amount of light absorbed, the concentration of the analyte in the sample can be determined.
Graphite furnaces are capable of operating at high temperatures, up to 3000°C in inert gas or 2200°C in a vacuum. Graphite is chosen as the material for the furnace due to its thermal properties and chemical resistance. The graphite heating elements used in the furnace are made from a high purity carbon composite, providing excellent temperature uniformity, longevity, mechanical strength, and repeatability.
The vacuum graphite furnace is used for high-temperature treatment of materials in a vacuum or protective atmosphere environment. It is designed with advanced temperature measurement, temperature control, and intelligence. The graphite wafer used in the furnace creates ideal black body conditions inside the heating chamber, allowing for high uniformity in temperature.
The high-temperature graphite (HTG) furnace is an economical vacuum furnace system for processes that require high temperatures up to and above 2500°C. The hot zones of these furnaces are made entirely from high purity graphite, allowing for rapid heating and cooling. In most applications, the hot zone has a long operating life, but for aggressive materials, hot zone replacement can be done easily in the field.
In some cases, the sample may undergo purification and graphitization in a furnace. Purification is done at a maximum temperature of 1100°C, and then the sample is transferred to a graphite furnace for final graphitization at temperatures up to 3000°C. This process ensures the removal of impurities and non-carbon atoms from the sample.
Overall, graphite furnaces provide high temperature capabilities, efficient heating, and temperature uniformity. They are used in various applications such as analytical atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS), graphitization treatment, graphene growth, carbon nanotube preparation, and high-temperature material treatment in vacuum or protective atmosphere environments. The choice of the specific type of graphitization furnace depends on the process requirements and temperature needs.
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