Graphite is artificially manufactured through a series of complex processes that involve the transformation of raw materials into a highly ordered crystalline structure. The primary raw materials used are coke and graphite, which are milled and mixed with a binder, typically pitch, to form a homogeneous mass. This mixture is then shaped using techniques such as isostatic pressing, extrusion, or die molding.
The shaped material, known as "green" material, undergoes a carbonization process in an oxygen-free environment at approximately 1000°C. This process forms binder bridges between the solid particles. The next step, graphitization, is crucial as it transforms the amorphous carbon into graphite by heating the material to around 3000°C in an inert atmosphere. This high-temperature treatment aligns the carbon atoms into the layered structure characteristic of graphite, enhancing its properties such as strength and conductivity.
After graphitization, the graphite may undergo further processing depending on its intended use. For applications requiring high purity, such as in the semiconductor industry, the graphite is subjected to purification processes where impurities are removed chemically, often by heating in halogen gases at high temperatures. Surface treatments may also be applied to refine the surface characteristics of the graphite.
Finally, the graphite is machined into the desired shapes and sizes according to customer specifications, and it is inspected and packaged for shipment. This detailed manufacturing process ensures that synthetic graphite meets the specific requirements of various high-tech applications, leveraging its unique properties such as high thermal conductivity and resistance to high temperatures.
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