Pyrolysis oil, derived from biomass, contains a complex mixture of impurities including low molecular weight aldehydes, acids, formaldehyde, acetic acid, complex high molecular weight phenols, anhydrosugars, oligosaccharides, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, methane, volatile organic carbon compounds, oils, waxes, tars, and water. These impurities contribute to the oil's corrosive nature, distinctive odor, and potential health risks.
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Low Molecular Weight Aldehydes and Acids: These compounds are responsible for the acrid, smoky smell of pyrolysis oil and can irritate the eyes upon prolonged exposure. They are volatile and contribute to the oil's instability and corrosive properties.
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Formaldehyde and Acetic Acid: These chemicals are common in pyrolysis oil and are indicative of the breakdown of biomass components during the pyrolysis process. They add to the chemical complexity and reactivity of the oil.
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Complex High Molecular Weight Phenols, Anhydrosugars, and Oligosaccharides: These compounds are derived from the more robust structures in biomass, such as lignin and cellulose. They contribute to the oil's high viscosity and its tendency to undergo condensation reactions, leading to increased viscosity over time.
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Carbon Monoxide (CO), Hydrogen, Methane, and Other Volatile Organic Carbon Compounds: These gases are produced during the pyrolysis process and can be captured for use as fuel. The condensed forms of these volatile compounds include oils, waxes, and tars, which contribute to the heterogeneous nature of the pyrolysis oil.
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Water: Pyrolysis oil typically contains a significant amount of water, ranging from 20 to 30% by weight. This water comes from both the original moisture in the biomass and as a reaction product during pyrolysis. The presence of water affects the oil's energy content and its miscibility with other solvents.
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Solid Char: Some pyrolysis oils may contain solid char, which is a residue from the incomplete decomposition of biomass during pyrolysis. This solid component can affect the handling and processing of the oil.
These impurities in pyrolysis oil contribute to its complex nature, making it challenging to handle and refine for use as a fuel. The oil's instability, corrosiveness, and potential health hazards are directly related to these impurities, necessitating careful management and treatment before use.
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