The highest vacuum achievable is typically referred to as Extreme High Vacuum (XHV). This is defined as having a pressure of 10^-12 mbar or lower.
This level of vacuum is comparable to the conditions found in deep space, such as in the vicinity of geo-stationary orbiting satellites.
5 Key Insights
1. Vacuum Quality and Pressure
The quality of a vacuum is determined by the degree of reduction in gas density, measured by gas pressure.
The lower the pressure, the higher the vacuum quality.
2. Vacuum Levels
Vacuums are categorized into rough, medium, high, ultra-high, and extreme high vacuums based on their pressure levels.
High Vacuum (HV) ranges from 10^-7 to 10^-3 mbar.
Ultra-High Vacuum (UHV) ranges from 10^-7 to 10^-12 mbar.
Extreme High Vacuum (XHV) is at 10^-12 mbar and lower.
3. Challenges in Achieving High Vacuum
Achieving high vacuum involves careful selection of materials that do not outgas or have high vapor pressure when exposed to vacuum.
This includes oils, greases, and sealing materials.
Surfaces exposed to the vacuum often need to be baked at high temperatures to remove adsorbed gases.
4. Applications of Different Vacuum Levels
High Vacuum is commonly used in industrial and research applications.
Ultra-High Vacuum is used in high-energy physics and nuclear research, such as at CERN and KATRIN.
Extreme High Vacuum is used in space-related technologies.
5. Ultimate Vacuum
The term "Ultimate Vacuum" refers to the lowest pressure a vacuum pump can achieve.
This is crucial for applications like liquid evaporation, where reducing vapor pressure enhances evaporation rates.
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