PVD coating uses a variety of materials, including both organic and inorganic substances, to create thin film coatings with high hardness and corrosion resistance. These materials are vaporized in a high vacuum and then condensed onto a substrate to form the coating.
Organic Materials: PVD coating can utilize organic materials such as polymers. For instance, polyethylene (PE), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), and conductive-conjugated polymers like poly(2,5-thienylene) (PTh) and poly(pyridine-2-5-diyl) (PPy) have been used in PVD processes. However, the use of polymeric materials in PVD is challenging due to the potential degradation of the polymer during deposition, which can reduce the molecular weight of the film.
Inorganic Materials: Inorganic materials are extensively used in PVD coating. These include metals, alloys, metal oxides, and some composite materials. The process involves vaporizing these materials in a high vacuum and then condensing them onto the substrate. The choice of material depends on the desired properties of the coating, such as compactness, adhesion, and color. Common PVD processes like sputtering and evaporation are used to deposit these inorganic materials.
Multilayered Coatings: Due to the thin nature of PVD coatings, there is often a need for multilayered coatings. This involves careful selection of materials to ensure the desired mechanical, corrosion, and aesthetic properties are achieved. Multilayered coatings can consist of single materials or layers with graded composition, providing flexibility in material selection and application.
Applications: The materials used in PVD coating are chosen based on the application requirements. For example, in aerospace, automotive, biomedical instruments, optics, and firearms, the coatings need to provide specific properties such as high hardness, corrosion resistance, and wear resistance. The flexibility in material selection in PVD allows for these tailored applications.
Techniques: The main PVD techniques include sputtering, cathode arc, and thermal evaporation. Each method has its specific advantages and is chosen based on the properties one wishes to obtain from the coating. For instance, sputtering is known for its ability to deposit a wide range of materials with good adhesion, while thermal evaporation is used for depositing pure elements and compounds.
In summary, PVD coating involves a diverse range of materials, both organic and inorganic, which are vaporized and then condensed onto a substrate to form thin film coatings. The choice of material and technique depends on the specific requirements of the application, ensuring that the coatings provide the necessary properties such as hardness, corrosion resistance, and wear resistance.
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