For high temperature insulation, there are several options mentioned in the references.
1. Fiberglass Cloth: Fiberglass cloth is used as a hot side cover and hot side insulation material. It provides thermal insulation and can withstand temperatures ranging from 600°F to 1000°F.
2. Silica Cloth: Silica cloth is another option for a hot side cover. It is capable of withstanding higher temperatures, ranging from 1501°F to 1800°F.
3. Teflon Sheet: Teflon sheet is used as a cold side cover. It provides insulation and has a high resistance to temperature.
4. Vermiculite Fiberglass: Vermiculite fiberglass is used as a cold side cover. It provides thermal insulation and can withstand high temperatures.
5. Ceramic: Ceramic is used as hot side insulation material in hybrid hot zones. It offers thermal insulation and can be introduced as fibers, making it an effective insulating material.
6. Graphite: Graphite is used as insulation material in hot zones. It has excellent thermal insulation properties and high thermal stability. It can be manufactured from rigid graphite fiber board or graphite felt. The thickness of the insulation varies based on the desired operating temperatures and hot zone size.
It is important to select insulation materials based on their service temperature range, compatibility with raw materials, and combustibility. The thickness of the insulation should also be chosen based on availability from suppliers. Additionally, protecting the insulation is crucial for its longevity, and firebrick clay is recommended as the outermost layer of insulation for added protection.
In vacuum-furnace insulation, molybdenum and graphite are commonly used. In all-metal hot zones, multiple layers of sheet metal with gaps between each layer are used as heat shielding. Molybdenum sheets backed by stainless steel sheets are often used for standard furnaces. For higher operating temperatures, the number and thickness of molybdenum layers are increased, and tantalum sheet can be used for very high temperatures. The gaps between the layers of sheet metal prevent heat from being conducted outward, and the reflectivity of the inner molybdenum sheet helps direct radiant heat inward. All-metal hot zones are preferred in high-vacuum or clean processing environments but require careful operation due to the embrittlement of molybdenum at high temperatures and their relatively higher cost compared to other options.
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