Zirconia is sintered to transform its physical and mechanical properties, enhancing its strength, density, and translucency. These properties are crucial for its application in dental restorations.
5 Key Reasons Explained
1. Structural Transformation
Initially, zirconia has a monoclinic crystalline structure. This structure is relatively soft and porous, resembling chalk. This initial state is ideal for machining and shaping the zirconia into the desired dental components using milling or CAD/CAM technologies. However, this form of zirconia is not suitable for dental use due to its low strength and translucency.
2. Sintering Process
The sintering process involves heating the shaped zirconia in a sintering furnace. These furnaces are designed to reach the high temperatures necessary to initiate the structural transformation. During sintering, the zirconia undergoes a phase transformation from monoclinic to polytetragonal, which is accompanied by a significant reduction in porosity and an increase in density. This transformation is critical as it imparts the necessary strength and durability to the zirconia, making it suitable for use in dental restorations.
3. Enhancement of Properties
Post-sintering, zirconia exhibits a dramatic increase in hardness and strength. This makes it resistant to wear and fracture, which are essential properties for dental applications where the material must withstand the forces of mastication. Additionally, the increased density and reduced porosity improve the translucency of zirconia, making it more aesthetically pleasing and similar in appearance to natural teeth.
4. Shrinkage
A notable aspect of the sintering process is the significant shrinkage of zirconia, which can be up to 25%. This shrinkage must be accounted for during the design and fabrication stages of dental components to ensure the final product fits correctly.
5. Automation and Efficiency
Modern sintering furnaces are equipped with advanced features such as pre-programmed cycles and automation capabilities, which streamline the sintering process, making it more efficient and reliable. This is particularly important in dental laboratories and clinics where time and precision are critical.
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