The apparatus used in the preparation of sample specimens includes the following:
1. Laboratory mills, grinders, jaw crushers, and presses: These are used for sample preparation of solid samples. They are used to grind or crush the sample into smaller particles for further analysis.
2. Automated dilution and dosage systems: These systems are used for both solid and liquid samples to ensure accurate weight/weight or weight/volume ratios. They are used to dilute or dose samples to the desired concentration.
3. Soxhlet apparatus: The Soxhlet apparatus is used for the extraction of substances from solid samples. It consists of several key components, including:
- Round-bottom flask: This is the main vessel where the solid sample and extraction solvent are placed. It is made of glass and can withstand high temperatures and pressure.
- Thimble: The thimble is a small cylindrical container made of cellulose or glass. It holds the solid sample and allows the extraction solvent to circulate through the sample while preventing solid residues from escaping into the flask.
- Condensate tube: This consists of a double serpentine condenser that uses acetone and dry ice to condense the sample.
- Evaporation flask: This flask evaporates the sample by rotating at a constant speed and temperature.
- Receiving flask: This flask collects and recycles the condensed sample.
- Evaporation tube: This is a rotating support shaft for the sample, and the sample is cycled through the vacuum system in the evaporation tube.
- Rotary motor: The rotation of the motor provides the force to rotate the evaporation bottle with the sample.
- Vacuum system: The vacuum system lowers the pressure in the rotary evaporator system.
- Bath kettle: The bath kettle heats the sample with oil or water.
4. Concentrators: Concentrators are used to provide a steady progression of nitrogen or other gas into test tubes, sample vials, and microplates. This allows for faster evaporation of the solvent and concentration of the samples.
5. Vacuum Pump: A vacuum pump is used to reduce the fume pressure within an evaporation system. This process allows the sample to bubble at a lower temperature.
6. Pressure bleeder valve: This valve is required to monitor pressure and reduce the likelihood of knocking. It is commonly found on selected standard or chemical-safe models.
7. Circulating Chillers: Circulating chillers provide cooled water through the condenser to lower the solvent's temperature being evaporated off to consolidate in the receiving flask.
8. Cole-Parmer evaporator system: This system is used to simplify the setup and operation of the evaporator. It includes a rotary evaporator with a computerized water bath, mechanical lift, and standard glassware set.
These apparatuses and systems are essential for the preparation of sample specimens in various industries, including materials, forensics, life science, environmental, and chemical industries. They allow for efficient extraction, concentration, and analysis of substances from solid samples.
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