The carbonization process refers to the process of converting organic matter, such as biomass or coal, into carbon-rich substances through the application of heat in the absence or limited presence of oxygen. This process involves several steps and can be further divided into stages.
In the case of biomass, such as wood sawdust briquettes or coconut shells, the carbonization process can be divided into three stages: drying, initial carbonization, and comprehensive carbonization.
1. Drying Stage: In this stage, the moisture present in the biomass evaporates as the temperature increases. This stage does not involve any chemical changes.
2. Initial Carbonization Stage: As the temperature rises further, the biomass starts to undergo thermal decomposition. The components of the biomass, such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, break down, releasing volatiles such as CO, CO2, CH4, and "tars." These volatiles include higher carbohydrates, acetic acid, and methanol.
3. Comprehensive Carbonization Stage: At temperatures ranging from 300 to 650°C, the biomass undergoes chemical decomposition. This stage produces acetic acid, carbinol, wood tar, and combustible gases like methane and ethylene. These gases contribute to the production of high temperatures, and the biomass briquettes are distilled into charcoal.
For coal, carbonization consists of four coincident and partly competing steps. These steps involve the heating of coal to high temperatures in the absence of oxygen, leading to the release of volatile gases and the formation of coke, which is almost pure carbon.
The carbonization process is typically carried out in a carbonization furnace, which is designed to achieve high carbonization rates, energy efficiency, smokeless operation, and ease of operation. The furnace works by sealing the biomass or coal inside and subjecting it to controlled heating.
The advantages of using a carbonizing furnace include high carbonization rates, energy efficiency, smokeless operation, and easy operation. The furnace ensures the quality of charcoal by promoting the decomposition and carbonization of the briquettes. The heat generated during the process helps maintain the temperature in the furnace and provides the necessary energy for the decomposition of the briquettes. The furnace also allows for the production of combustible gases, tar, and char, which can be further utilized.
Overall, the carbonization process is a crucial step in converting organic matter into carbon-rich substances like charcoal, contributing to various applications such as fuel, filtration, and industrial processes.
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