The composition of biomass pyrolysis gas primarily includes carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, low carbon number hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxide, and sulfur oxide. This gas is formed through the cracking and decomposition of large molecules that originate from the initial stages of pyrolysis.
Detailed Explanation:
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Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and Carbon Monoxide (CO): These gases are formed through the thermal decomposition of biomass components such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. The reactions leading to the formation of CO2 and CO involve the breaking of chemical bonds within the biomass structure, which then recombine to form these gases. For example, the reaction C + O2 = CO2 (Equation 1 in the reference) and C + ½O2 = CO (Equation 2) describe the formation of these gases from carbon in the biomass.
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Hydrogen (H2): Hydrogen is produced during the pyrolysis process through various reactions, including the interaction of carbon with water (C + H2O = CO + H2, Equation 4) and the decomposition of hydrocarbons. The presence of hydrogen in the pyrolysis gas is crucial as it contributes to the calorific value of the gas and is a key component in the synthesis of other chemicals.
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Low Carbon Number Hydrocarbons: These include methane (CH4) and other light hydrocarbons. Methane is formed through the reaction of carbon with hydrogen (C + 2H2 = CH4, Equation 7). The formation of these hydrocarbons is influenced by the pyrolysis conditions such as temperature and residence time.
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Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) and Sulfur Oxide (SOx): These compounds are derived from the nitrogen and sulfur present in the biomass feedstock. During pyrolysis, these elements are released and can form oxides depending on the reaction conditions. The presence of these oxides in the pyrolysis gas can affect its environmental impact and energy efficiency.
The yield and composition of the pyrolysis gas can vary significantly depending on the type of biomass, pretreatment conditions, pyrolysis temperature, heating rate, and reactor type. Typically, the gaseous products yield ranges from 12 wt% to 15 wt% of the total biomass weight. Understanding and controlling these parameters can help optimize the production of pyrolysis gas for various applications, including energy production and chemical synthesis.
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