The by-products of pyrolysis oil include biochar, syngas, and ash. The typical yield from high temperature pyrolysis is 60% bio-oil, 20% biochar, and 20% syngas. Slow pyrolysis can produce more char, up to 50%.
Char is a solid by-product that consists of organic matter with a high carbon content and ash. Water is also produced as a product of pyrolysis, both during the initial drying stage and through evaporation.
Bio-oil is the most valuable product of pyrolysis. It is a complex mixture of hundreds of organic compounds, including alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, phenols, and oligomers. The composition of bio-oil can vary depending on the feedstock and reaction conditions.
Pyrolysis also produces a solid by-product called ash, which may contain heavy metals that were present in the biomass feedstock. The distribution of pyrolysis products depends on the design of the pyrolysis reactor, as well as the characteristics of the raw materials and operating parameters.
In addition to biochar and bio-oil, pyrolysis also produces pyrolytic gas, which is mainly composed of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, low carbon number hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxide, sulfur oxide, and other compounds. The yields of bio-oil, biochar, and pyrolytic gas can vary depending on the process conditions, typically ranging from 50-70% for bio-oil, 13-25% for biochar, and 12-15% for pyrolytic gas.
It is important to note that pyrolysis is different from complete combustion in the presence of oxygen, which produces carbon dioxide and water. Pyrolysis produces gaseous products such as syn-gas, methane, and carbon dioxide, as well as liquid products including bio-oil and tar. Tar is a viscous liquid composed of hydrocarbons and free carbon, while bio-oil is a more pure and less viscous form of organic compounds. Crude bio-oil may require purification to become commercial grade bio-oil.
Overall, the by-products of pyrolysis oil include biochar, syngas, ash, pyrolytic gas, and tar. The specific distribution and composition of these by-products can vary depending on the pyrolysis process and feedstock used.
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