Isostatic pressing is a powder metallurgy forming process that applies equal pressure in all directions on a powder compact. This process is used to achieve maximum uniformity of density and microstructure without the geometrical limitations of uniaxial pressing.
Isostatic pressing can be performed either "cold" or "hot". Cold isostatic pressing (CIP) is used to compact green parts at ambient temperatures. On the other hand, hot isostatic pressing (HIP) is used to fully consolidate parts at elevated temperatures through solid-state diffusion. HIP can also be employed to eliminate residual porosity from a sintered powder metallurgy part.
In isostatic pressing, metal powders are placed in a flexible container, which serves as the mold for the part. Fluid pressure is exerted over the entire outside surface of the container, causing it to press and form the powder into the desired geometry. Unlike other processes that exert forces on the powder through an axis, isostatic pressing applies pressure from all directions, ensuring maximum uniformity.
The main types of isostatic pressing are HIP and CIP. Hot isostatic pressing involves compressing materials under high temperatures and pressure, which helps improve the mechanical properties of castings by eliminating internal microporosity. Isostatic pressing is used in various industries such as manufacturing, automotive, electronics and semiconductor, medical, aerospace and defense, energy and power, research and development, and more.
Advancements in powder metallurgy techniques have expanded the range of applications for isostatic pressing. Improved powder fragmentation, alloy development, and binder systems allow for the production of complex-shaped components with precise dimensional control and desirable microstructures. Isostatic pressing is an integral part of powder metallurgy and is widely used in the production of aerospace and automotive components, medical implants, semiconductor materials, and even 3D printing.
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