The pressure for isostatic ceramics typically ranges from 21 to 210 MPa (3000 to 30000 psi). This pressure is applied during the process of isostatic pressing, which is a method used to form ceramic or refractory powders into desired shapes. The process involves compacting a dry or semi-dry powder in an elastomeric mold submerged in a pressurized liquid, often with the aid of rigid tooling like a steel mandrel.
Isostatic pressing is advantageous for several reasons, including low distortion on firing, consistent shrinkage on firing, and the ability to press parts with complex internal shapes. It also allows for higher density in the final product compared to mechanical pressing. The process can be further categorized into three types: cold isostatic pressing (CIP), warm isostatic pressing (WIP), and hot isostatic pressing (HIP). CIP is the most common and involves consolidating powders at room temperature, while WIP and HIP involve pressing at elevated temperatures, with HIP being used for high-performance applications where achieving full theoretical density is crucial.
Despite its advantages, isostatic pressing has some drawbacks, such as lower accuracy of pressed surfaces that require subsequent machining and lower production rates compared to other methods like extrusion or die compaction. The process is particularly useful for producing large or complex ceramic parts with uniform density and minimal internal stresses.
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