Materials that are susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement include high-strength steels, titanium alloys, and aluminum alloys. These materials are particularly vulnerable to the effects of hydrogen embrittlement due to their structural properties and composition. Hydrogen embrittlement occurs when hydrogen atoms penetrate the material and cause a reduction in its mechanical properties, such as plasticity, ductility, and fracture toughness.
The exact mechanism and effects of hydrogen embrittlement are not fully understood, but it is believed that annealing at temperatures around 200 °C can weaken the embrittlement caused by internal hydrogen. However, surface-absorbed hydrogen is less affected by this annealing process. The annealing process involves keeping the material in a hydrogen annealing oven at temperatures between 200 °C and 300 °C for several hours to remove the hydrogen atoms responsible for embrittlement.
Hydrogen, as a gas, is a strong deoxidizer and has a high thermal conductivity. It can cause hydrogen embrittlement in many steels and is often used in annealing processes for stainless steel alloys, magnetic steel alloys, sintering, and copper brazing.
To prevent hydrogen embrittlement, low hydrogen annealing, also known as "baking," is a commonly used heat treatment process. This process aims to reduce or eliminate hydrogen in the material to prevent embrittlement. It is considered an effective method compared to alternatives such as electroplating with zinc.
In addition, hydrogen embrittlement relief is necessary for ferrous metal components that have been electroplated. Atomic hydrogen absorbed by the metal during electroplating can combine with other atoms, such as oxygen, to form water vapor, leading to micro-cracking and premature part failure if left untreated.
It is important to note that hydrogen embrittlement can also occur in high carbon substances when dry hydrogen is present as a controlled atmosphere. This can result in the decarburization of the material and increase the risk of embrittlement.
In summary, materials such as high-strength steels, titanium alloys, and aluminum alloys are particularly susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement. Various heat treatment processes, such as low hydrogen annealing and hydrogen embrittlement relief, are used to prevent or mitigate the effects of embrittlement in these materials. Dry hydrogen and certain atmospheres, such as steam, can also contribute to hydrogen embrittlement in specific situations.
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